North Carolina
North Carolina certifies corrections staff through two commissions: the Criminal Justice Education and Training Standards Commission certifies Department of Adult Correction officers and probation and parole officers, and the Sheriffs’ Education and Training Standards Commission certifies county detention officers. The Department of Health and Human Services sets jail standards. Since 2023 the State has let courts delegate probation term reductions to officers, required jails to check immigration status and hold detainer subjects for a judicial official, exempted execution protocols from rulemaking, and extended survivor tuition waivers to probation officers’ families.
- Sources checked
- Part of
- Corrections Ledger
At a glance
- Certifying body
- Two commissions, both in the Department of Justice. The Criminal Justice Education and Training Standards Commission certifies “criminal justice officers,” which by statute include State correctional officers and State probation and parole officers, and staff of local confinement facilities not run by sheriffs (G.S. 17C-2(3), 17C-6, 17C-10). The Sheriffs’ Education and Training Standards Commission certifies sheriffs’ justice officers, including detention officers in county jails (G.S. 17E-4, 17E-7). The Department of Adult Correction (DAC) runs State prisons and community supervision. Both commissions are covered on the North Carolina Officer Ledger page.
- Statute
- G.S. Chapter 17C (Criminal Justice Education and Training Standards); Chapter 17E (Sheriffs’ Education and Training Standards); 153A-216 to -229 (local confinement facilities); Chapter 148 (State prisons). Rules: 12 NCAC 09G (correctional and probation and parole officers) and 12 NCAC 10B (sheriffs’ justice officers, including detention officers).
- Minimum standards
- DAC correctional officers must be U.S. citizens, or green card holders who have lived in the United States at least three years; be at least 18; hold a high school diploma or equivalent; be fingerprinted; pass a medical exam, a drug screen, and a psychological screening (valid one year); have a DAC background investigation with interview; have no disqualifying crimes (09G .0302); and be of good moral character. Officers authorized to carry firearms must complete DAC firearms training within a year of hire. Certified officers must report criminal charges, dispositions, and domestic violence protective orders within 30 days (12 NCAC 09G .0208, effective May 1, 2023, amended effective July 1, 2024). Probation and parole officers have a separate rule (09G .0209). Sheriffs’ detention officers must be at least 20 (12 NCAC 10B .0301).
- Basic training
- Correctional Officer Basic Training: at least 160 hours (firearms, defensive protection, legal issues, emergency procedures, operations, institutional culture, basic life support, correctional theory), with a 50-hour abbreviated course for experienced officers. Probation and Parole Officer Basic Training: at least 216 hours, abbreviated 50. Both rules were readopted effective July 1, 2026 (12 NCAC 09G .0411, .0412). County detention officers take the 182-hour Detention Officer Certification Course developed by the North Carolina Justice Academy (12 NCAC 10B .0601, amended July 1, 2025 and June 1, 2026).
- In-service training
- Detention officers must complete the Sheriffs’ Commission annual in-service program, with topics and credits set each year, and firearms in-service training if armed (12 NCAC 10B .2005, Section .2100). For DAC officers, the Criminal Justice Commission recognizes in-service training run by agency in-service coordinators (12 NCAC 09G .0102, .0304). An annual hour total for DAC correctional officers was not confirmed.
- Decertification
- Each commission may certify, recertify, suspend, revoke, or deny certification under its standards, with grounds and periods set by rule (12 NCAC 09G .0504, .0505; 10B .0204 to .0206, including summary suspension). Felony convictions may count even if expunged, but since June 23, 2023, offenses committed as minors and expunged under G.S. 15A-145.4 or 15A-145.8A do not (entry below). The Sheriffs’ Commission must keep a public database of suspensions and revocations of justice officer certifications, which include detention officers (G.S. 17E-14). The Criminal Justice Commission’s database covers “law enforcement officer certifications” (G.S. 17C-14); whether it includes DAC correctional or probation and parole officers was not confirmed.
- Jail standards
- The Secretary of Health and Human Services sets minimum standards for local confinement facilities, which take effect with the approval of the Commission and the Governor and then have the force of law. They cover security, design, space, supervision, medical and mental health care, sanitation and food, and the “Dignity for Women Incarcerated in Local Confinement Facilities” part (G.S. 153A-221). Jails are inspected by the Construction Section of the DHHS Division of Health Service Regulation, which S.L. 2024-55 funded to hire two more jail inspectors.
- Probation and parole officers
- Probation and parole officers in DAC’s Division of Community Supervision and Reentry are certified by the Criminal Justice Commission after the 216-hour basic course. Since December 1, 2023, a court may delegate to the probation officer its power to reduce a supervised probation term for compliant offenders who show “diligent progress,” once restitution is paid (G.S. 15A-1344.2; entry below). The Post-Release Supervision and Parole Commission sets parole and post-release conditions.
- Restrictive housing
- No general statutory limit was found. Pregnant women and women in postpartum recovery may not be placed in restrictive housing unless a correctional employee makes an individualized determination that an “important circumstance” exists, with a written report to the warden (G.S. 148-25.2(d)). Jails are covered by the parallel “Dignity for Women Incarcerated in Local Confinement Facilities” part (G.S. 153A-221(a)(11)).
- Corrections use of force
- Restraints may not be used on pregnant women in the second and third trimesters, during labor and delivery, or in postpartum recovery. A postpartum woman may be restrained only on an individualized “important circumstance” finding, with front wrist cuffs only while she is ambulatory and a written report within 5 days. Front wrist restraints are allowed in transport, but not during labor. Body cavity searches of pregnant or postpartum women by non-medical staff require probable cause of dangerous contraband and a report (G.S. 148-25.2(a), (b)). No general corrections use-of-force statute was found.
Changes, 2023 to 2026
Tuition waiver for families of fallen probation officers; retirement definition extended to certified officers in training roles
The act adds “probation officer” to the tuition-waiver law (G.S. 115B-1, -2, -5), which already covered correctional officers, so eligible family members of probation officers killed or permanently disabled in the line of duty get free tuition at UNC institutions and community colleges. It redefines “Probation/Parole Officer” for retirement purposes (G.S. 135-1(17a)) to include certified officers serving in DAC’s Office of Staff Development and Training. It also lets a single Post-Release Supervision and Parole Commission member set post-release terms, issue reprimands, and continue supervision, adds parole questions under G.S. 20-179(p) to what a three-member panel may decide, updates electronic-filing definitions in G.S. 15A-101.1, moves satellite-monitoring release decisions after post-release supervision from the Commission to the superior court, has the State Reentry Council meet annually, and exempts DAC investigations from certain IT restrictions.
For corrections staff: Probation and parole officers who move to academy or training roles now count as a “Probation/Parole Officer” under the State retirement system definition (G.S. 135-1(17a)), and families of probation officers killed or permanently and totally disabled in the line of duty can qualify for the tuition waiver.
Iryna’s Law: backup execution methods; DAC execution protocols exempt from rulemaking
Lethal injection remains the default method. If a North Carolina court declares it unconstitutional, or it is otherwise unavailable, the Secretary of Adult Correction must use an alternative method under new G.S. 15-188(b). The warden may obtain drugs and equipment, and correction custody personnel designated by the warden carry out executions. The Administrative Procedure Act does not apply to “The Department of Adult Correction, with respect to the establishment and administration of any method of execution pursuant to G.S. 15-188.”
For corrections staff: Execution-team staff work under protocols the Secretary sets outside the rulemaking process, including any backup method.
Jail immigration checks expanded to any felony and impaired driving; 2-hour hold at pretrial release
The jail inquiry under 162-62(a) now covers any felony, Class A1 misdemeanors under Articles 6A, 7B, or 8 of Chapter 14, violations of G.S. 50B-4.1, and any impaired-driving offense, and asks whether the person is a legal resident “or citizen.” Under new 15A-534(d4), for those charges, if the judicial official cannot determine the defendant’s status, the defendant is committed to a detention facility to be fingerprinted and queried with Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and is held “for a period of two hours from the query.” If a detainer and administrative warrant arrive in that window, the 162-62(b1) process applies.
For corrections staff: Detention staff must hold qualifying arrestees for 2 hours after the immigration query before releasing them on pretrial conditions.
Jails must check immigration status for listed charges and bring detainer subjects before a judicial official
The jail administrator’s status inquiry, previously limited to people charged with a felony or impaired driving, now applies to listed drug felonies, felonies under Articles 6, 7B, 10, 10A, and 13A of Chapter 14, Class A1 misdemeanors and felonies under Article 8, and G.S. 50B-4.1 violations. The query to Immigration and Customs Enforcement is now mandatory; the words “where possible” were struck. Under new 162-62(b1), when a detainer and administrative warrant arrive, “the prisoner shall be taken without unnecessary delay before a State judicial official.” The official orders the person held if identity matches, and the person must be released at the first of 48 hours after receipt of the detainer, the agency taking custody, or the detainer being rescinded. New (b2) gives officers and agencies immunity for acts under such an order. Section 9.1(b) funds two DHHS jail inspectors.
For corrections staff: Jail staff must run status checks for the listed charges and bring detainer cases before a magistrate or other judicial official before release.
Courts may delegate the power to reduce supervised probation terms to probation officers
Under new G.S. 15A-1344.2, “the court may delegate, by written order filed with the clerk of superior court, the court’s authority to reduce a term of supervised probation when a probation officer finds that an offender (i) is currently in compliance” and has made diligent progress, for example by completing a validated treatment program. No reduction is allowed until restitution is paid in full, and the court may revoke the delegation. In force since June 16, 2023: district attorneys may petition to modify, extend, or revoke probation, with the petition served by the supervising officer, and every sheriff may buy jail food and food-service supplies outside formal bidding.
For corrections staff: Officers with a delegation order can shorten terms for compliant probationers who meet the diligent-progress criteria.
DAC omnibus: concealed carry for designated staff, handgun-permit training credit, early transfers, ammunition ban for supervisees
DAC may designate employees to carry concealed weapons (G.S. 14-269(b)). “A qualified correctional officer, a qualified retired correctional officer, a qualified State probation or parole certified officer, or a qualified retired probation or parole certified officer is deemed to have satisfied the requirement” of a firearms course for a concealed handgun permit (G.S. 14-415.10, 14-415.12A). The Division of Prisons is exempt from the contested-case provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act, and peer-support confidentiality is expanded. From October 1, 2023, DAC may transfer a prisoner with a detainer to the requesting jail or federal agency up to 5 days before the sentence expires (G.S. 15A-1352(g)). From December 1, 2023, the regular conditions of probation, post-release supervision, and parole bar possessing firearm ammunition, and probation officers’ delegated authority extends to DWI cases. A 2-year pilot allowed contract nursing from October 1, 2023.
For corrections staff: Certified DAC officers no longer need a separate handgun-safety course for a concealed carry permit, and people under supervision may not possess ammunition.
Expunged juvenile offenses no longer count against certification; commission files get personnel-record privacy
For both commissions, “the terms ‘commission of offense,’ ‘convicted,’ or ‘conviction’ shall not include an offense expunged pursuant to G.S. 15A-145.4 or G.S. 15A-145.8A,” which cover offenses committed as minors, pending permanent rules. The act expands the commissions’ authority over instructors, including those with probationary or limited privileges, and adds G.S. 17E-5(c): papers in a justice officer’s commission personnel file get the same privacy as personnel records under Chapters 126, 153A, and 160A. The Officer Ledger page covers the police side.
For corrections staff: Applicants for correctional, probation, and detention officer jobs cannot be denied certification over juvenile offenses expunged under those statutes.
Enacted, not yet in force, pending, and bills that did not pass
- Sexually violent predator expert board (S.L. 2026-44): from December 1, 2026, the Medical Society-panel expert on the sexually violent predator board of experts, which the Division of Prisons of DAC already selected, must not be employed full-time by the Division of Prisons (previously, not employed by it at all) or full-time by another State agency.
Pending and failed 2025 to 2026 bills were not searched. Only the enacted session-law lists for 2023-2024, 2025-2026, and the 2025 Extra Session 1 were scanned by title.
Checked and unchanged
- Not credited as changes: 12 NCAC 09G .0208 took effect May 1, 2023 and was amended effective July 1, 2024; the separate citizenship rule .0202 was repealed effective July 1, 2024, and the age rule .0203 effective November 1, 2024. 10B .0601 was amended July 1, 2025 and June 1, 2026. Prior texts were not retrieved, so what changed was not determined.
- Not verified: whether the July 1, 2026 readoption of 09G .0411 and .0412 changed basic training hours or topics.
- Not reviewed: budget acts S.L. 2023-134 and S.L. 2026-41 and its correction acts, for DAC staffing, pay, or hiring provisions.
Bills in the legislature
Bills in the current session whose title concerns corrections officers, jails, probation and parole, and conditions of confinement, found automatically in LegiScan's copy of the legislature's records and refreshed daily (last on October 21, 2026). This list is not reviewed by an editor and is not a summary of the bills; each links to the legislature's own page, which controls. Bills that become law are added to the dated entries above once checked.
- Introduced
S421: Prison Reform Omnibus
Last action March 25, 2025: Ref To Com On Rules and Operations of the Senate. 2025-2026 Session.
The law, section by section
Every section of the statutes and rules this page relies on that could be read from an official source, 334 in all, each linked to the official text. Headings are copied from the official tables of contents, checked October 21, 2026.
North Carolina General Statutes, Chapter 17C: North Carolina Criminal Justice Education and Training Standards CommissionStatute · 22 sections
Official text current through North Carolina General Assembly chapter page, read 2026-10-21 (no currency date shown). Headings are the catchlines printed in the chapter text (trailing period kept). Sections reserved for future codification, recodified, transferred, expired or repealed are omitted. Same list as the Officer Ledger library, re-checked 2026-10-21. G.S. ch. 17C, official text
Article 1. General.
- 17C-1 Findings and policy.
- 17C-2 Definitions.
- 17C-3 North Carolina Criminal Justice Education and Training Standards Commission established; members; terms; vacancies.
- 17C-4 Compensation.
- 17C-5 Chairman; vice-chairman; other officers; meetings; reports.
- 17C-6 Powers of Commission.
- 17C-7 Functions of the Department of Justice.
- 17C-8 System established.
- 17C-9 Criminal Justice Standards Division of the Department of Justice established; appointment of director; duties.
- 17C-10 Required standards.
- 17C-10.1 Certification of military service members and veterans with law enforcement training and experience.
- 17C-10.2 Transfer of certified law enforcement officers.
- 17C-11 Compliance; enforcement.
- 17C-12 Grants under the supervision of Commission and the State; donations and appropriations.
- 17C-13 Pardons; expunctions.
- 17C-14 Database of law enforcement officer certification suspensions and revocations.
- 17C-15 Database for law enforcement officer critical incident information.
- 17C-16 Requirement to report material relevant to testimony.
Article 2. North Carolina Criminal Justice Fellows Program.
North Carolina General Statutes, Chapter 17E: North Carolina Sheriffs' Education and Training Standards CommissionStatute · 20 sections
Official text current through North Carolina General Assembly chapter page, read 2026-10-21 (no currency date shown). Headings are the catchlines printed in the chapter text (trailing period kept). Sections reserved for future codification, recodified, transferred, expired or repealed are omitted. Same list as the Officer Ledger library, re-checked 2026-10-21. G.S. ch. 17E, official text
Article 1. General.
- 17E-1 Findings and policy.
- 17E-2 Definitions.
- 17E-3 North Carolina Sheriffs' Education and Training Standards Commission established; members; terms; vacancies.
- 17E-4 Powers and duties of the Commission.
- 17E-4.1 Advisory powers of the Commission.
- 17E-5 Functions of the Department of Justice.
- 17E-6 Justice Officers' Standards Division established; appointment of director; duties.
- 17E-6.5 Donations to the Commission; grants and appropriations.
Article 2. Justice Officers.
- 17E-7 Required standards.
- 17E-7.1 Transfer of certified law enforcement officers.
- 17E-8 Special requirements; authorizations.
- 17E-9 Compliance; enforcement.
- 17E-11 Application and construction of Article.
- 17E-12 Pardons; expunctions.
- 17E-14 Database of justice officer certification suspensions and revocations.
- 17E-15 Database for justice officer critical incident information.
- 17E-16 Requirement to report material relevant to testimony.
Article 3. Sheriffs.
North Carolina General Statutes, Chapter 153A, Article 10, Part 2 (G.S. 153A-216 to 153A-229): Local Confinement FacilitiesStatute · 16 sections
Official text current through North Carolina General Assembly chapter page, read 2026-10-21 (no currency date shown). Partial list of chapter 153A: only 153A-216 to 153A-229, the range the page cites. Headings are the catchlines printed in the chapter text (trailing period kept). Sections reserved for future codification, recodified, transferred, expired or repealed are omitted. G.S. 153A-216 to 153A-229, official text
Article 10. Law Enforcement and Confinement Facilities. / Part 2. Local Confinement Facilities.
- 153A-216 Legislative policy.
- 153A-217 Definitions.
- 153A-218 County confinement facilities.
- 153A-219 District confinement facilities.
- 153A-220 Jail and detention services.
- 153A-221 Minimum standards; waiver of rules during an emergency.
- 153A-221.1 Standards and inspections.
- 153A-222 Inspections of local confinement facilities.
- 153A-223 Enforcement of minimum standards.
- 153A-224 Supervision of local confinement facilities.
- 153A-225 Medical care of prisoners.
- 153A-225.1 Duty of custodial personnel when prisoners are unconscious or semiconscious.
- 153A-225.2 Payment of medical care of prisoners.
- 153A-226 Sanitation and food.
- 153A-228 Separation of sexes.
- 153A-229 Jailers' report of jailed defendants.
North Carolina General Statutes, Chapter 148: State Prison SystemStatute · 113 sections
Official text current through North Carolina General Assembly chapter page, read 2026-10-21 (no currency date shown). Full chapter. Headings are the catchlines printed in the chapter text (trailing period kept). Sections reserved for future codification, recodified, transferred, expired or repealed are omitted. G.S. ch. 148, official text
Article 1. Organization and Management.
- 148-2 Prison moneys and earnings.
- 148-3 Prison property.
- 148-4 Control and custody of prisoners; authorizing prisoner to leave place of confinement.
- 148-4.1 Release of inmates.
- 148-5 Secretary to manage prison property.
- 148-5.1 Confining inmates away from victims.
- 148-5.5 (Delayed expiration - see note) Training and authority of security guards.
- 148-6 Custody, employment and hiring out of convicts.
- 148-10 Department of Adult Correction to supervise sanitary and health conditions of prisoners.
- 148-10.1 Employment of clinical chaplains for inmates.
- 148-10.2 Policy: Certain inmates not to contact family members of victims.
- 148-10.3 Electronic monitoring costs.
- 148-10.4 Statewide Misdemeanant Confinement Fund.
- 148-10.5 Facilitation of reentry.
Article 2. Prison Regulations.
- 148-11 Authority to adopt rules; authority to designate uniforms.
- 148-12 Diagnostic and classification programs.
- 148-13 Regulations as to custody grades, privileges, gain time credit, etc.
- 148-18 Wages, allowances and loans.
- 148-18.1 Confiscation of unauthorized articles.
- 148-19 Health services.
- 148-19.1 Exemption from licensure.
- 148-19.2 Mandatory HIV testing.
- 148-19.3 Health care services to county prisoners.
- 148-20 Corporal punishment of prisoners prohibited.
- 148-22 Treatment programs.
- 148-22.1 Educational facilities and programs for selected inmates.
- 148-22.2 Procedure when surgical operations on inmates are necessary.
- 148-23 Prison employees not to use intoxicants, narcotic drugs or profanity.
- 148-23.1 Tobacco products prohibited on State correctional facilities premises.
- 148-23.2 Mobile phones prohibited on State correctional facilities premises.
- 148-24 Religious services.
- 148-25 Secretary to investigate death of convicts.
Article 2B. Dignity for Women Incarcerated in Prison Facilities.
- 148-25.1 Definitions.
- 148-25.2 Care for female incarcerated persons related to pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum recovery.
- 148-25.3 Inspection by correctional facility employees.
- 148-25.4 Access to menstrual products.
- 148-25.5 Training and technical assistance.
Article 3. Labor of Prisoners.
- 148-26 State policy on employment of prisoners.
- 148-26.1 Definitions.
- 148-26.5 Pay and time allowances for work.
- 148-28 Sentencing prisoners to Central Prison; youthful offenders.
- 148-29 Transportation of convicts to prison; reimbursement to counties; sheriff's expense affidavit.
- 148-31 Maintenance of Central Prison; warden; powers and duties.
- 148-32.1 Local confinement, costs, alternate facilities, parole, work release.
- 148-32.2 Community work crew fee.
- 148-32.3 Inmate Construction Program.
- 148-33 Prison labor furnished other State agencies.
- 148-33.1 Sentencing, quartering, and control of prisoners with work-release privileges.
- 148-33.2 Restitution by prisoners with work-release privileges.
- 148-36 Secretary of the Department of Adult Correction to control classification and operation of prison facilities.
- 148-37 Additional facilities authorized; contractual arrangements.
- 148-37.1 Prohibition on private prisons housing out-of-state inmates.
- 148-37.3 Authority of private correctional officers employed pursuant to a contract with the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
- 148-40 Recapture of escaped prisoners.
- 148-41 Recapture of escaping prisoners; reward.
- 148-44 Separation as to sex.
- 148-45 Escaping or attempting escape from State prison system; failure of conditionally and temporarily released prisoners and certain youthful offenders to return to custody of Division of Prisons of the Department of Adult Correction.
- 148-46 Degree of protection against violence allowed.
- 148-46.1 Inflicting or assisting in infliction of self injury to prisoner resulting in incapacity to perform assigned duties.
- 148-46.2 Procedure when consent is refused by prisoner.
- 148-47 Disposition of child born of female prisoner.
- 148-48 Parole powers of Parole Commission unaffected.
- 148-49 Prison indebtedness not assumed by Board of Transportation.
Article 4. Paroles.
- 148-52.1 Prohibited political activities of member of Post-Release Supervision and Parole Commission.
- 148-53 Investigators and investigations of cases of prisoners.
- 148-54 Parole and post-release supervision supervisors provided for; duties.
- 148-56 Assistance in supervision of parolees or post-release supervisees and preparation of case histories.
- 148-57 Rules and regulations for parole consideration.
- 148-57.1 Restitution as a condition of parole or post-release supervision.
- 148-59 Duties of clerks of superior courts as to commitments; statements filed with Division of Prisons of the Department of Adult Correction.
- 148-60.1 Allowances for paroled prisoner and prisoner on post-release supervision.
- 148-62.1 Entitlement of indigent parolee and post-release supervisee to counsel, in discretion of Post-Release Supervision and Parole Commission.
- 148-63 Arrest powers of police officers.
- 148-64 Cooperation of prison and parole officials and employees.
- 148-64.1 Early conditional release of inmates subject to a removal order; revocation of release.
Article 4B. Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision.
- 148-65.4 Short title.
- 148-65.5 Governor to execute compact; form of compact.
- 148-65.6 Implementation of the compact.
- 148-65.7 Fees.
- 148-65.8 Interstate parole and probation hearing procedures.
- 148-65.9 North Carolina sentence to be served in another jurisdiction.
Article 5. Farming Out Convicts.
- 148-66 Cities and towns and Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services may contract for prison labor.
- 148-67 Hiring to cities and towns and State Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
- 148-68 Payment of contract price; interest; enforcement of contracts.
- 148-69 Agents; levy of taxes; payment of costs and expenses.
- 148-70 Management and care of inmates.
Article 7. Records, Statistics, Research and Planning.
- 148-74 Records Section.
- 148-76 Duties of Records Section.
- 148-78 Reports.
- 148-80 Seal of Records Section; certification of records.
Article 8. Compensation to Persons Erroneously Convicted of Felonies.
- 148-82 Provision for compensation.
- 148-83 Form, requisites and contents of petition; nature of hearing.
- 148-84 Evidence; action by Industrial Commission; payment and amount of compensation.
Article 11A. Corrections Administrative Remedy Procedure.
- 148-118.1 Authority.
- 148-118.2 Effect.
- 148-118.3 Publication of procedure.
- 148-118.4 Definitions.
- 148-118.5 Records confidentiality.
- 148-118.6 Grievance Resolution Board.
- 148-118.7 Removal of members.
- 148-118.8 Appointment, salary, and authority of Executive Director and inmate grievance examiners.
- 148-118.9 Investigatory power of the Grievance Resolution Board.
Article 12. Interstate Corrections Compact.
- 148-119 Short title.
- 148-120 Governor to execute; form of compact.
- 148-121 Proceedings to be open; all documents public records; exception.
Article 13. Transfer of Convicted Foreign Citizens Under Federal Treaty.
- 148-122 Transfer of convicted foreign citizens under treaty; consent by Governor.
Article 14. Correction Enterprises.
- 148-128 Authorization for Correction Enterprises.
- 148-129 Purposes of Correction Enterprises.
- 148-130 Correction Enterprises Fund.
- 148-131 Powers and responsibilities.
- 148-132 Distribution of products and services.
- 148-133 Inmate wages and conditions of employment.
- 148-134 Preference for Division of Prisons of Department of Adult Correction products.
North Carolina Administrative Code, Title 12, Chapter 09, Subchapter 09G: Standards for Corrections Employment, Training, and CertificationRules · 49 sections
Official text current through Office of Administrative Hearings NCAC PDF of Chapter 09, re-read 2026-10-21; latest rule effective date shown in the chapter is July 1, 2026. Rule list read from the Office of Administrative Hearings PDF of Chapter 09 (rule numbers and catchlines as printed; the OAH database prints commas in catchlines as colons); only Subchapter 09G is listed. Rules whose history note ends in repeal or expiration are omitted. Same 09G list as the Officer Ledger library's Chapter 09 entry, re-checked against the PDF on 2026-10-21. 12 NCAC 09G, official text
SUBCHAPTER 09G - STANDARDS FOR CORRECTIONS EMPLOYMENT, TRAINING, AND CERTIFICATION / SECTION .0100 - SCOPE, APPLICABILITY, AND DEFINITIONS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0101 SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER
- 12 NCAC 09G .0102 DEFINITIONS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0103 RULE-MAKING AND ADMINISTRATIVE HEARING PROCEDURES
SUBCHAPTER 09G - STANDARDS FOR CORRECTIONS EMPLOYMENT, TRAINING, AND CERTIFICATION / SECTION .0200 - MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR CERTIFICATION OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS, PROBATION/PAROLE OFFICERS, AND PROBATION/PAROLE OFFICERS-SURVEILLANCE
- 12 NCAC 09G .0204 DOCUMENTATION OF EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0205 MEDICAL EXAMINATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0207 FINGERPRINT CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD CHECK
- 12 NCAC 09G .0208 MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0209 MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR PROBATION/PAROLE OFFICERS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0210 BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0211 AGENCY REPORTING OF DRUG SCREENING RESULTS
SUBCHAPTER 09G - STANDARDS FOR CORRECTIONS EMPLOYMENT, TRAINING, AND CERTIFICATION / SECTION .0300 - CERTIFICATION OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS, PROBATION/PAROLE OFFICERS, AND INSTRUCTORS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0301 CERTIFICATION OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS AND PROBATION/PAROLE OFFICERS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0302 CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD
- 12 NCAC 09G .0303 PROBATIONARY CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0304 GENERAL CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0305 RECERTIFICATION FOLLOWING SEPARATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0306 RETENTION OF RECORDS OF CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0307 CERTIFICATION OF INSTRUCTORS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0308 GENERAL INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0309 TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF GENERAL INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0310 SPECIALIZED INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0311 TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SPECIALIZED INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0314 COMPREHENSIVE WRITTEN EXAM - INSTRUCTOR TRAINING
- 12 NCAC 09G .0315 COMPREHENSIVE WRITTEN EXAM - SPECIALIZED INSTRUCTOR TRAINING
- 12 NCAC 09G .0316 PROFESSIONAL LECTURER CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0401 ADMINISTRATION OF BASIC CORRECTIONS TRAINING SCHOOLS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0402 ACCREDITATION OF CORRECTIONS SCHOOLS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0403 ACCREDITATION OF TRAINING COURSES
- 12 NCAC 09G .0404 PILOT COURSE PRESENTATION/PARTICIPATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0405 CERTIFICATION OF SCHOOL DIRECTORS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0406 TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SCHOOL DIRECTOR CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0407 SUSPENSION: REVOCATION: DENIAL/SCHOOL DIRECTOR CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0408 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SCHOOL DIRECTOR
- 12 NCAC 09G .0409 ADMISSION OF TRAINEES AND COURSE ENROLLMENT
- 12 NCAC 09G .0410 LATERAL TRANSFERS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0411 BASIC TRAINING FOR CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0412 BASIC TRAINING FOR PROBATION/PAROLE OFFICERS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0414 INSTRUCTOR TRAINING
- 12 NCAC 09G .0415 CORRECTIONS SPECIALIZED INSTRUCTOR TRAINING – FIREARMS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0416 CORRECTIONS SPECIALIZED INSTRUCTOR TRAINING - CONTROLS, RESTRAINTS, AND DEFENSIVE TECHNIQUES
- 12 NCAC 09G .0417 CERTIFICATION OF QUALIFIED ASSISTANT
- 12 NCAC 09G .0418 TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF QUALIFIED ASSISTANT CERTIFICATION
SUBCHAPTER 09G - STANDARDS FOR CORRECTIONS EMPLOYMENT, TRAINING, AND CERTIFICATION / SECTION .0500 - ENFORCEMENT OF RULES
- 12 NCAC 09G .0501 INVESTIGATION OF VIOLATION OF RULES
- 12 NCAC 09G .0502 SANCTIONS FOR VIOLATIONS BY AGENCIES OR SCHOOLS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0503 SANCTIONS FOR VIOLATIONS BY INDIVIDUALS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0504 SUSPENSION: REVOCATION: OR DENIAL OF CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 09G .0505 PERIOD OF SUSPENSION: REVOCATION: OR DENIAL
- 12 NCAC 09G .0506 SUMMARY SUSPENSIONS
SUBCHAPTER 09G - STANDARDS FOR CORRECTIONS EMPLOYMENT, TRAINING, AND CERTIFICATION / SECTION .0600 - PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE PROGRAM
- 12 NCAC 09G .0601 STATE CORRECTIONS PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE PROGRAM
SUBCHAPTER 09G - STANDARDS FOR CORRECTIONS EMPLOYMENT, TRAINING, AND CERTIFICATION / SECTION .0700 - FORMS
- 12 NCAC 09G .0701 REPORT: APPLICATION: AND CERTIFICATION FORMS
North Carolina Administrative Code, Title 12, Chapter 10, Subchapter 10B: N.C. Sheriffs' Education and Training Standards CommissionRules · 114 sections
Official text current through Office of Administrative Hearings NCAC PDF, re-read 2026-10-21; latest rule effective date shown is August 1, 2026. Rule list read from the Office of Administrative Hearings PDF (rule numbers and catchlines as printed; the OAH database prints commas in catchlines as colons). Rules whose history note ends in repeal or expiration (47) are omitted, as are superseded versions marked "(EFFECTIVE UNTIL JUNE 30, 2024)". Same list as the Officer Ledger library, re-checked against the PDF on 2026-10-21. 12 NCAC 10B, official text
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .0100 - COMMISSION ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURES
- 12 NCAC 10B .0101 LOCATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0103 DEFINITI0NS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0106 PROCEDURES FOR PETITIONS FOR RULEMAKING
- 12 NCAC 10B .0107 PROCEDURES FOR PETITIONS FOR DECLARATORY RULINGS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0108 ADMINISTRATION OF PROGRAMS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0109 DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAMS
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .0200 - ENFORCEMENT RULES
- 12 NCAC 10B .0201 INVESTIGATION OF VIOLATION OF RULES
- 12 NCAC 10B .0202 SANCTIONS FOR VIOLATIONS BY AGENCIES OR SCHOOLS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0203 SANCTIONS FOR VIOLATIONS BY INDIVIDUALS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0204 SUSPENSION: REVOCATION: OR DENIAL OF CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0205 PERIOD OF SUSPENSION, REVOCATION, OR DENIAL
- 12 NCAC 10B .0206 SUMMARY SUSPENSIONS: OR DENIALS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0301 MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR JUSTICE OFFICERS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0302 DOCUMENTATION OF EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENT
- 12 NCAC 10B .0303 FINGERPRINT CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORDS CHECK
- 12 NCAC 10B .0304 MEDICAL EXAMINATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0305 BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0306 EMPLOYMENT INTERVIEW
- 12 NCAC 10B .0307 CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .0400 - CERTIFICATION OF JUSTICE OFFICERS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0401 CERTIFICATION OF PERSONNEL
- 12 NCAC 10B .0402 PROBATIONARY CERTIFICATION (EFFECTIVE JULY 1, 2024)
- 12 NCAC 10B .0403 PROBATIONARY CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT
- 12 NCAC 10B .0404 GENERAL CERTIFICATION (EFFECTIVE JULY 1, 2024)
- 12 NCAC 10B .0405 REPORT OF SEPARATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0406 LATERAL TRANSFERS AND REINSTATEMENTS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0407 CERTIFICATION OF FORMER SHERIFF
- 12 NCAC 10B .0408 VERIFICATION OF RECORDS TO DIVISION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0409 EMPLOYING AGENCY RETENTION OF RECORDS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0410 AGENCY REPORTING OF DRUG SCREENING RESULTS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0411 IN-STATE LATERAL TRANSFER OF A DEPUTY SHERIFF
- 12 NCAC 10B .0412 DEPARTMENT HEAD RESPONSIBILITIES: CRITICAL INCIDENT REPORTING
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .0500 - MINIMUM STANDARDS OF TRAINING FOR DEPUTY SHERIFFS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0502 BASIC LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING COURSE FOR DEPUTIES
- 12 NCAC 10B .0503 TIME REQ/COMPLETION/BASIC LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING COURSE (EFFECTIVE JULY 1, 2024)
- 12 NCAC 10B .0504 WAIVER OF COMPLETION OF TRAINING
- 12 NCAC 10B .0505 EVALUATION FOR TRAINING WAIVER
- 12 NCAC 10B .0510 CERTIFICATION AND TRAINING FOR SCHOOL RESOURCE OFFICERS
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .0600 - MINIMUM STANDARDS OF TRAINING FOR DETENTION OFFICERS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0601 DETENTION OFFICER CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0602 TIME REQ/COMPLETION//DETENTION OFFICER CERT TRAINING COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0603 EVALUATION FOR TRAINING WAIVER
- 12 NCAC 10B .0604 TRAINEE ATTENDANCE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0605 COMPLETION OF DETENTION OFFICER CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0606 COMP WRITTEN EXAM – DETENTION OFFICER CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0607 SATISFACTION OF MINIMUM TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .0700 - MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR JUSTICE OFFICER SCHOOLS AND TRAINING PROGRAMS OR COURSES OF INSTRUCTION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0702 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE OFFICER SCHOOLS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0703 ADMINISTRATION OF DETENTION OFFICER CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0704 RESPONSIBILITIES: SCHOOLS AND DETENTION OFFICER COURSES
- 12 NCAC 10B .0705 QUALIFICATIONS TO ACT AS SCHOOL DIRECTORS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0708 ADMINISTRATION OF TELECOMMUNICATOR CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0709 RESPONSIBILITIES: SCHOOL DIRECTORS, TELECOMMUNICATOR CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0710 QUALIFICATIONS OF SCHOOL DIRECTORS, TELECOMMUNICATOR CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0713 ADMISSION OF TRAINEES
- 12 NCAC 10B .0714 PILOT COURSE PRESENTATION/PARTICIPATION
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .0800 - ACCREDITATION OF JUSTICE OFFICER SCHOOLS AND TRAINING COURSES
- 12 NCAC 10B .0801 ACCREDITATION: JUSTICE OFFICER SCHOOLS/TRAINING COURSES
- 12 NCAC 10B .0802 CERTIFICATION: DELIVERY/DETENTION OFFICER CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0803 REPORTS/DETENTION OFFICER CERT COURSE PRESENTATION/ COMPLETION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0804 ACCREDITATION: DELIVERY/TELECOMMUNICATOR CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0805 REPORTS/TELECOMMUNICATOR CERT COURSE PRESENTATION/COMPLETION
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .0900 - MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR JUSTICE OFFICER INSTRUCTORS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0901 CERT/INSTRUCTORS/BASIC LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0903 CERT: INSTRUCTORS FOR DETENTION OFFICER CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0904 DETENTION OFFICER INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0905 TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF DETENTION OFFICER INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0906 PROFESSIONAL LECTURER CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0907 TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF PROFESSIONAL LECTURER CERT
- 12 NCAC 10B .0908 LIMITED LECTURER CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0909 TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF A LIMITED LECTURER CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0910 USE OF GUEST PARTICIPANTS
- 12 NCAC 10B .0911 SUSPENSION: REVOCATION: DENIAL OF DETENTION OFFICER INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0912 PERIOD/SUSPENSION: REVOCATION: OR DENIAL OF DETENTION OFFICER INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0913 CERT: INSTRUCTORS FOR TELECOMMUNICATOR CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0914 TELECOMMUNICATOR INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0915 TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF TELECOMMUNICATOR INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0916 PROFESSIONAL LECTURER CERTIFICATION: TELECOMMUNICATOR CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0917 TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF PROFESSIONAL LECTURER CERT: TELECOMMUNICATOR CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0918 USE OF GUEST PARTICIPANTS: TELECOMMUNICATOR CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .0919 SUSPENSION: REVOCATION: DENIAL OF TELECOMMUNICATOR INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION
- 12 NCAC 10B .0920 PERIOD/SUSPENSION: REVOCATION: OR DENIAL OF TELECOMMUNICATOR INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .1000 - PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE PROGRAM FOR SHERIFFS AND DEPUTY SHERIFFS
- 12 NCAC 10B .1002 ELIGIBILITY FOR PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATES
- 12 NCAC 10B .1006 HOW TO APPLY
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .1100 - SHERIFFS' AND JUSTICE OFFICERS= SERVICE AWARD PROGRAM
- 12 NCAC 10B .1102 GENERAL PROVISIONS
- 12 NCAC 10B .1103 INTERMEDIATE SERVICE AWARD
- 12 NCAC 10B .1104 ADVANCED SERVICE AWARD
- 12 NCAC 10B .1105 HOW TO APPLY
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .1200 - PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE PROGRAM FOR DETENTION OFFICERS
- 12 NCAC 10B .1202 ELIGIBILITY FOR PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATES
- 12 NCAC 10B .1206 HOW TO APPLY
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .1300 - MINIMUM STANDARDS OF TRAINING FOR TELECOMMUNICATORS
- 12 NCAC 10B .1302 TELECOMMUNICATOR CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .1303 TIME REQ/COMPLETION/TELECOMMUNICATOR CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .1304 EVALUATION FOR TRAINING WAIVER
- 12 NCAC 10B .1305 TRAINEE ATTENDANCE
- 12 NCAC 10B .1306 COMPLETION OF TELECOMMUNICATOR CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .1307 COMPREHENSIVE WRITTEN EXAM - TELECOMMUNICATOR CERTIFICATION COURSE
- 12 NCAC 10B .1308 SATISFACTION OF MINIMUM TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .1400 - PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE FOR RESERVE DEPUTY SHERIFFS
- 12 NCAC 10B .1402 ELIGIBILITY FOR PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATES
- 12 NCAC 10B .1406 HOW TO APPLY
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .1500 - RESERVE JUSTICE OFFICERS' SERVICE AWARD PROGRAM
- 12 NCAC 10B .1502 GENERAL PROVISIONS
- 12 NCAC 10B .1503 INTERMEDIATE RESERVE SERVICE AWARD
- 12 NCAC 10B .1504 ADVANCED RESERVE SERVICE AWARD
- 12 NCAC 10B .1505 HOW TO APPLY
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .1600 - PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE PROGRAM FOR TELECOMMUNICATORS
- 12 NCAC 10B .1602 ELIGIBILITY FOR PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATES
- 12 NCAC 10B .1606 HOW TO APPLY
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .1700 - DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN-SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR DEPUTY SHERIFFS
- 12 NCAC 10B .1901 MILITARY AND MILITARY SPOUSE TRANSFEREES
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .2000 - IN-SERVICE TRAINING FOR JUSTICE OFFICERS
- 12 NCAC 10B .2002 CERTIFICATION-SPECIFIC PROGRAMS
- 12 NCAC 10B .2003 IN-SERVICE TRAINING COORDINATOR
- 12 NCAC 10B .2004 INSTRUCTORS
- 12 NCAC 10B .2005 MINIMUM TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
- 12 NCAC 10B .2006 IN-SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM SPECIFICATIONS
- 12 NCAC 10B .2007 SHERIFF/AGENCY HEAD RESPONSIBILITIES
- 12 NCAC 10B .2008 FAILURE TO COMPLETE IN-SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAMS
- 12 NCAC 10B .2009 TRAINING DELIVERY
SUBCHAPTER 10B - N.C. SHERIFFS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING STANDARDS COMMISSION / SECTION .2100 - DEPUTY SHERIFF' AND DETENTION OFFICERS' FIREARMS IN-SERVICE TRAINING REQUALIFICATION PROGRAM
- 12 NCAC 10B .2101 SHERIFF RESPONSIBILITIES
- 12 NCAC 10B .2102 INSTRUCTORS
- 12 NCAC 10B .2103 MINIMUM TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
- 12 NCAC 10B .2104 ANNUAL FIREARMS QUALIFICATION SPECIFICATIONS
- 12 NCAC 10B .2105 FAILURE TO QUALIFY
- 12 NCAC 10B .2201 CERTIFICATION FORMS
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Last updated October 21, 2026Source: United States Council for Law & InvestigationCite as: United States Council for Law & Investigation, “North Carolina corrections law: Corrections Ledger,” uscli.org/corrections-tracker/north-carolina (last updated October 21, 2026). Text licensed CC BY 4.0.