{
 "name": "USCLI law changes, all trackers",
 "publisher": "United States Council for Law & Investigation",
 "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
 "homepage": "https://uscli.org/law-changes",
 "entries": [
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Alabama",
   "id": "act-2026-552",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/alabama#act-2026-552",
   "date": "2027-05-01",
   "title": "Alabama Personal Data Protection Act",
   "type": "Act 2026-552 (HB351)",
   "summary": "Applies to businesses that control or process personal data of more than 25,000 Alabama consumers, or get more than 25 percent of gross revenue from selling personal data. Publicly available information is not personal data, and businesses with fewer than 500 employees that do not sell personal data, FCRA-regulated activity, and others are exempt. Controllers may still investigate, establish, exercise, or defend legal claims.",
   "forLicensees": "The Act is a consumer privacy law, not a data broker registry, and has no investigator-specific provision.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 2026-552",
     "url": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/files/pdf/SearchableInstruments/2026RS/HB351-enr.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Louisiana",
   "id": "act-502-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/louisiana#act-502-2026",
   "date": "2027-01-01",
   "title": "Louisiana Data Privacy Act takes effect",
   "type": "Act No. 502 (SB 386), 2026 Regular Session",
   "summary": "Enacts a consumer data privacy law at La. R.S. 51:1780.1 to 1780.5. It applies only to businesses with annual gross revenue over $25 million, or that each year buy, receive, sell, or share the personal information of 75,000 or more consumers, households, or devices, or that get at least half their revenue from selling personal information (R.S. 51:1780.2(A)). It excludes publicly available information, exempts activity under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, and does not limit processing to investigate, establish, exercise, prepare for, or defend legal claims, or to comply with a government inquiry or investigation (51:1780.5(H)). It has no exemption specific to private investigators.",
   "forLicensees": "The Act has no investigator exemption, but it reaches only firms that meet one of its thresholds; its exclusions for public information, FCRA activity, and legal claims apply to every covered business.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 386",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?s=26RS&b=SB386"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oklahoma",
   "id": "sb-546",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oklahoma#sb-546",
   "date": "2027-01-01",
   "title": "Consumer data privacy law",
   "type": "SB 546 (2026), 75A O.S. 300 and following",
   "summary": "Applies to businesses that control or process personal data of at least 100,000 Oklahoma consumers a year, or at least 25,000 while getting over 50 percent of gross revenue from selling personal data. Publicly available information, including lawfully available government records, is not personal data. The law does not restrict investigating, establishing, exercising, preparing for, or defending legal claims, or responding to fraud, harassment, or illegal activity (75A O.S. 317). The Attorney General enforces it.",
   "forLicensees": "The law reaches an investigator firm only if it meets the consumer thresholds.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 546 enrolled",
     "url": "https://www.oklegislature.gov/cf_pdf/2025-26%20ENR/SB/SB546%20ENR.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "ce-proposal-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/texas#ce-proposal-2026",
   "date": "2026-10-15",
   "title": "Continuing education rule amendments on the commission agenda",
   "type": "Public Safety Commission agenda, item VIII.C.5",
   "summary": "The Public Safety Commission listed “proposed amendments to 37 TAC Section 35.161, concerning Continuing Education Requirements” among rule proposals for publication and public comment. The proposed text has not appeared in the Texas Register as of October 17, 2026, so what would change is not yet known.",
   "forLicensees": "Continuing education hours or topics may change. A 30-day comment period opens when the proposal is published in the Texas Register.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Commission agenda, October 15, 2026",
     "url": "https://cdn.www3.dps.texas.gov/cdn/ff/z6dWkxLEzaN-QhBowo-wd18EJhE62ffhll8kDIldWQ4/1791236517/public/psc_calendar/2026/PSC%20Meeting%20Agenda%2010152026.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "wsr-26-19",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#wsr-26-19",
   "date": "2026-10-15",
   "title": "De-escalation training and independent investigation rules updated",
   "type": "WSR 26-19-053 and 26-19-054 (WAC 139-11 and 139-12)",
   "summary": "WSR 26-19-053 updates WAC 139-11 on de-escalation training under the Law Enforcement Training and Community Safety Act (LETCSA). WSR 26-19-054 rewrites WAC 139-12, the LETCSA criteria for independent investigations, into new sections 139-12-040 to -120. The rule text was not compared line by line for this page.",
   "forOfficers": "Independent investigations under LETCSA now follow the rewritten WAC 139-12.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "WSR 26-19-053",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/law/wsr/2026/19/26-19-053.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "WSR 26-19-054",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/law/wsr/2026/19/26-19-054.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Arkansas",
   "id": "rule-015-01-26-001",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/arkansas#rule-015-01-26-001",
   "date": "2026-10-14",
   "title": "Rule amendment: exam retake wait removed, out-of-state temporary work capped",
   "type": "Final rule, Arkansas Register 015.01.26-001 (17 CAR Part 350)",
   "summary": "Once in effect, the amendment removes the 5-working-day wait before retaking the investigator exam; the $50 retake fee stays (350-1103(e)). Allows out-of-state investigators only two 10-day temporary authorizations in a calendar year (new 350-1110(c)). Adds terroristic threatening (A.C.A. 5-13-301) to the disqualifying offenses (350-211), ends the automatic voiding of an application when court dispositions are not received within 60 days (350-212(c)), and updates the card rules for electronic licenses (350-302 and 350-402 repealed). Revised 350-506 drops the identification-card exemption for investigators, who must keep their credential, paper or electronic, accessible while working and show it to a police officer on request.",
   "forLicensees": "Once the rule takes effect, out-of-state investigators can use the 10-day authorization only twice a year.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Final rule filing",
     "url": "https://sos-rules-reg.ark.org/rules/pdf/015.01.26-001F-26544.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Proposed rule markup",
     "url": "https://sos-rules-reg.ark.org/rules/pdf/015.01.26-001P-26279.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "sb-315",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/ohio#sb-315",
   "date": "2026-10-06",
   "title": "Tracking device law gains a Medicaid visit verification exemption",
   "type": "Senate Bill 315, 136th General Assembly",
   "summary": "Senate Bill 315, which mainly concerns SNAP and Medicaid program integrity, added one exemption to ORC 2903.216, as new division (D)(10). The tracking device ban does not apply to location verification technology used by the Department of Medicaid, a Medicaid provider, a provider’s employee or contractor, or an electronic visit verification vendor solely to meet electronic visit verification requirements, such as confirming when a covered service begins or ends. The exemption does not cover continuous tracking outside the delivery of Medicaid-covered services. The rest of the section, including the private investigator exemption in division (D)(5) and the penalties, is unchanged.",
   "forLicensees": "No change for private investigators. The consent and purpose limits on tracking from SB 100 still apply.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "ORC 2903.216",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2903.216"
    },
    {
     "label": "Enrolled text",
     "url": "https://search-prod.lis.state.oh.us/api/v2/general_assembly_136/legislation/sb315/05_EN/pdf/"
    },
    {
     "label": "LSC final analysis",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/download?key=28867"
    },
    {
     "label": "SB 315 status",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/136/sb315"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Alabama",
   "id": "alea-fee-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/alabama#alea-fee-2026",
   "date": "2026-10-01",
   "title": "Background check fee rises to $40",
   "type": "Board application instructions",
   "summary": "The Board’s 2026 instructions say the Alabama Law Enforcement Agency criminal history fee becomes $40 on October 1, 2026; the 2025 instructions listed $37.",
   "forLicensees": "New applicants pay $40 for the background check.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2026 instructions",
     "url": "https://apib.alabama.gov/PDF/2026/FinalApplication2026ApplicationInstructionsandChecklistLicensedPrivateInvestigator.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Alabama",
   "id": "act-2026-535",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/alabama#act-2026-535",
   "date": "2026-10-01",
   "title": "Repeat second-degree stalking becomes a felony",
   "type": "Act 2026-535 (SB273)",
   "summary": "A second or later violation of stalking in the second degree (Code 13A-6-90.1) is a Class C felony; a first violation remains a Class B misdemeanor. The offense elements did not change, and there is no investigator exception.",
   "forLicensees": "The stalking law has no investigator exception; only the penalty for repeat violations rose.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 2026-535",
     "url": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/files/pdf/SearchableInstruments/2026RS/SB273-enr.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Arkansas",
   "id": "fbi-fee-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/arkansas#fbi-fee-2026",
   "date": "2026-10-01",
   "title": "Federal background check fee rises; older application forms rejected",
   "type": "State Police notice",
   "summary": "The federal background check fee rose from $10 to $13, and earlier versions of the application forms are no longer accepted.",
   "forLicensees": "Use only the October 2026 forms.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "State Police licensing page",
     "url": "https://dps.arkansas.gov/law-enforcement/arkansas-state-police/services-programs/private-investigators-security-companies-alarm-installation-monitoring/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Credential application",
     "url": "https://media.ark.org/dps/PI_Security_Credentialed_Private_Investigator_Application_10012026.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "reg-1003",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#reg-1003",
   "date": "2026-10-01",
   "title": "Separation and eligibility reporting rules revised",
   "type": "Commission Regulations 1003 and 1011",
   "summary": "Regulation 1003 sets how agencies report officer appointments and separations to POST under PC 13510.9. The May 21, 2025 amendment realigned the Affidavit of Separation (POST 2-357) with PC 13510.9(d) and set how POST is notified of convictions that disqualify a person under Gov. Code 1029. The amendment effective October 1, 2026 clarifies who must file the Attestation of Peace Officer Eligibility (POST 2-356) and the Affidavit of Separation.",
   "forOfficers": "What your agency reports on the Affidavit of Separation goes to POST and can start a certification review.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "POST Regulatory Actions",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Regulatory-Actions"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bulletin 2024-34",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/bulletin/2024-34.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bulletin 2026-16",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/bulletin/2026-16.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Connecticut",
   "id": "pa-26-64",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/connecticut#pa-26-64",
   "date": "2026-10-01",
   "title": "Data broker registry and statewide deletion mechanism",
   "type": "Public Act 26-64 (SB 4)",
   "summary": "Data brokers that sell or license brokered personal data must register with the Department of Consumer Protection by January 1, 2027, for $2,500 a year. The Department must launch a deletion mechanism by July 1, 2028, and from October 1, 2028 brokers must check it at least every 45 days and delete requesters’ data. Data needed to comply with law or a subpoena, or to investigate, establish, exercise, prepare for, or defend a legal claim, is excepted from deletion. Activity regulated by the FCRA or GLBA is exempt, and Public Act 26-100 (approved June 2, 2026) added an exemption for data collected, processed, sold, or disclosed in compliance with the federal Driver’s Privacy Protection Act. The civil penalty is up to $200 per day per consumer for each violation.",
   "forLicensees": "People-search vendors must register; no exemption names private detectives.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Act 26-64",
     "url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/2026/ACT/PA/PDF/2026PA-00064-R00SB-00004-PA.PDF"
    },
    {
     "label": "Public Act 26-100",
     "url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/2026/ACT/PA/PDF/2026PA-00100-R00HB-05222-PA.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Connecticut",
   "id": "pa-26-24",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/connecticut#pa-26-24",
   "date": "2026-10-01",
   "title": "Private detectives keep DMV access; vessel records restored",
   "type": "Public Act 26-24 (SB 413), sections 7 to 9",
   "summary": "Restates Conn. Gen. Stat. 14-10(f). The DMV may release personal information to a requester who files a signed statement, under penalty of false statement, that the use is permitted, including use by a licensed private detective in an investigation involving matters concerning motor vehicles (14-10(f)(2)(L)). It also restores vessel records to the definition of motor vehicle record, reversing Public Act 24-20, which had removed them effective October 1, 2024.",
   "forLicensees": "File the sworn permissible-use statement with each request.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Act 26-24",
     "url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/2026/ACT/PA/PDF/2026PA-00024-R00SB-00413-PA.PDF"
    },
    {
     "label": "Public Act 24-20",
     "url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/2024/ACT/PA/PDF/2024PA-00020-R00SB-00183-PA.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Connecticut",
   "id": "pa-26-14",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/connecticut#pa-26-14",
   "date": "2026-10-01",
   "title": "Limits on government license plate reader data",
   "type": "Public Act 26-14 (SB 397), section 13",
   "summary": "Limits public agencies, law enforcement agencies, and their vendors to listed uses of automated license plate reader data, and bars sharing it except with listed agencies or with an individual asking about a vehicle registered in that individual’s name.",
   "forLicensees": "Government plate reader data is not available to investigators.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Act 26-14",
     "url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/2026/ACT/PA/PDF/2026PA-00014-R00SB-00397-PA.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Connecticut",
   "id": "pa-26-73",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/connecticut#pa-26-73",
   "date": "2026-10-01",
   "title": "Employer electronic monitoring notice expanded",
   "type": "Public Act 26-73 (SB 472)",
   "summary": "Amends Conn. Gen. Stat. 31-48d so the existing written and posted notice of electronic monitoring must also name the specific locations where it may occur, and employees hired on or after October 1, 2026 must get a plain-language statement of what may be monitored without notice. Monitoring without notice remains allowed when the employer has reasonable grounds to believe an employee is breaking the law, violating legal rights, or creating a hostile workplace, and the monitoring may produce evidence.",
   "forLicensees": "In workplace investigations, have the employer document its reasonable grounds before covert monitoring.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Act 26-73",
     "url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/2026/ACT/PA/PDF/2026PA-00073-R00SB-00472-PA.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Kentucky",
   "id": "kar-41-040-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/kentucky#kar-41-040-2026",
   "date": "2026-10-01",
   "title": "Proposed fee rule: lower late fee, higher reinstatement fee",
   "type": "Proposed rule",
   "summary": "The board filed an amendment to its fee regulation. The late renewal fee for individual and company licenses would drop from $250 to $100, and the late window would run from July 1 to September 1 instead of to August 31. The reinstatement fee for a terminated license would rise from $100 to $250. The amendment also states that the company application fee is owed in addition to the individual licensure fee. The $400 initial fee, the $250 renewal fee, and the inactive status fees are unchanged. A public hearing is scheduled for December 21, 2026, and written comments are accepted through December 31, 2026.",
   "forLicensees": "Nothing changes until the amendment is adopted. If it is, renewing late will cost less, and letting a license terminate will cost more to fix.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Proposed amendment",
     "url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/kar/titles/201/041/040/REG/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Current rule",
     "url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/kar/titles/201/041/040/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Kentucky",
   "id": "kar-41-100-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/kentucky#kar-41-100-2026",
   "date": "2026-10-01",
   "title": "Proposed background checks for limited employees",
   "type": "Proposed rule",
   "summary": "Licensees already must register each limited employee (a person who investigates for a licensee less than 240 hours a year) within five business days of hire, pay $20, keep a daily log of hours, and file an annual report in December. The amendment would also require the registration to include the results of a national background check on the employee. The board’s impact statement estimates the check at about $100 per person. The hearing and comment dates are the same as for the fee rule: December 21 and December 31, 2026.",
   "forLicensees": "If the amendment is adopted, budget for a national background check before registering a limited employee.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Proposed amendment",
     "url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/kar/titles/201/041/100/REG/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Current rule",
     "url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/kar/titles/201/041/100/2758/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "ch-429-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maryland#ch-429-2026",
   "date": "2026-10-01",
   "title": "Stalking becomes a felony in aggravated cases",
   "type": "Chapter 429 of 2026 (SB 512)",
   "summary": "Stalking under Criminal Law 3-802, which includes tracking another person by a device without their knowledge or consent, remains a misdemeanor but becomes a felony, punishable by up to 10 years, when the offender is subject to a protective order or court order involving the victim or has a prior stalking conviction (3-802(d)). The definition and the existing exceptions in 3-802(b) did not change.",
   "forLicensees": "The stalking law’s device-tracking language and its exceptions are unchanged; only the penalties rose.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 429",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2026RS/Chapters_noln/CH_429_sb0512t.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "ch-694-492-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maryland#ch-694-492-2026",
   "date": "2026-10-01",
   "title": "Military and Foreign Service families may practice on out-of-state licenses",
   "type": "Chapter 694 of 2026 (SB 242); Chapters 492 and 493 of 2026 (HB 1120, SB 418)",
   "summary": "Both laws add State Government subtitles and amend Business Occupations and Professions 13-401(a) so that an active service member, a Foreign Service member, or a spouse who relocates to Maryland and holds another state’s license may provide private detective services without a Maryland certification while the conditions in the new subtitles are met. Practice is limited to the scope of the out-of-state license. The agency license requirement in 13-301 was not changed.",
   "forLicensees": "The exception covers individual certification only; an agency license is still required.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 694",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2026RS/Chapters_noln/CH_694_sb0242e.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Chapter 492",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2026RS/Chapters_noln/CH_492_hb1120t.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "ch-612-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/maryland#ch-612-2026",
   "date": "2026-10-01",
   "title": "Face coverings barred and identification required for officers on duty in Maryland, including federal officers",
   "type": "2026 Laws ch. 612 (SB 1), adding Public Safety 3-207(p) and (q), 3-535, and 3-536",
   "summary": "“Law enforcement officer” here means a sworn member of a law enforcement agency of Maryland, another state, a political subdivision, or the federal government. Under 3-535, an officer “may not” wear a face covering while performing duty in the State except as authorized in the uniform policy adopted by the Commission. The section does not apply to an officer actively engaged in an undercover operation. A face covering is an opaque mask, garment, helmet, or headgear that conceals or obscures the face, such as a balaclava, ski mask, neck gaiter, or tactical mask. Clear shields, medical and surgical masks, breathing apparatus, underwater gear, motorcycle helmets, laser-protective eyewear, religious garments, tactical protective gear, and items needed for occupational safety or a reasonable accommodation are excluded. Under 3-536, an officer on duty in the State “shall” wear the agency name, the officer’s last name, and a badge or ID number on the outermost layer of clothing, and “shall” state them on request. Plainclothes, nonuniformed, and undercover officers are exempt from 3-536.",
   "forOfficers": "On duty in Maryland in uniform, wear your agency, last name, and badge or ID number on your outer layer, and cover your face only as the Commission’s policy allows.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2026 Laws ch. 612",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2026RS/Chapters_noln/CH_612_sb0001e.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "SB 1 (2026)",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/sb0001?ys=2026RS"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Dakota",
   "id": "fbi-fee-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-dakota#fbi-fee-2026",
   "date": "2026-10-01",
   "title": "Criminal history check fee rises to $43",
   "type": "Board notice",
   "summary": "The FBI fingerprint fee rose by $3, so the criminal history record check now totals $43 and a new registration application $88. New forms must be used.",
   "forLicensees": "Use the new forms. For applications already submitted on the old page 2 form, the Board says it will work with applicants by email to update them.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Board notice",
     "url": "https://www.pisb.nd.gov/news/new-fee-criminal-history-record-check-fbi-october-1st-2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-1190",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/california#sb-1190",
   "date": "2026-09-30",
   "title": "A PI license does not cover transport escort services for minors",
   "type": "Senate Bill 1190, Chapter 1015, Statutes of 2026",
   "summary": "Adds Business and Professions Code 7539.2. A PI license or registration is not a permit to operate a transport escort service, as defined in Health and Safety Code 1596.653. A transport escort service does not need a PI license just because it transports or accompanies a minor, but one that performs investigative work requiring a license must hold a PI license for that work.",
   "forLicensees": "From January 1, 2027, a PI license does not authorize running a transport escort service; a PI who offers one must meet the Health and Safety Code rules for those services.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1190",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB1190"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "rapback-fees",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/ohio#rapback-fees",
   "date": "2026-09-30",
   "title": "Background monitoring fees rise by $3",
   "type": "Agency notice",
   "summary": "PISGS announced that the Attorney General’s Office is raising annual RAPBACK enrollment fees by $3. The new fees are $8 for a new registrant or registrant renewal and $16 for a new qualifying agent or qualifying agent renewal. The notice cites ORC 4749.031(B), which requires these fees to be paid with initial and renewal applications.",
   "forLicensees": "Budget for the higher fee on new registrations and renewals filed on or after October 1, 2026.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "PISGS Mid-Week Minute, Sep 30, 2026",
     "url": "https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/OHDPS/bulletins/42c1f06"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Nevada",
   "id": "eo-2026-003",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/nevada#eo-2026-003",
   "date": "2026-09-23",
   "title": "Executive order regulatory review; Board stakeholder meeting",
   "type": "Executive Order 2026-003; Board stakeholder meeting",
   "summary": "The order requires every executive branch board to hold a public stakeholder hearing by October 29, 2026, review its regulations, and report to the Governor by December 31, 2026 with 5 to 10 regulations recommended to be streamlined, clarified, reduced, or otherwise improved. The Board held a stakeholder meeting on September 23, 2026, which it said was not formal rulemaking.",
   "forLicensees": "No regulation changes without separate rulemaking.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Executive Order 2026-003",
     "url": "https://gov.nv.gov/executive-actions/executive-orders/2026-executive-orders/eo-2026-003/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Stakeholder meeting agenda",
     "url": "https://pilb.nv.gov/siteassets/pilb.nv.gov/content/boards-commissions/2026/sept-23-stakeholder-meeting-agenda.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "wsr-26-19-136",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/washington#wsr-26-19-136",
   "date": "2026-09-23",
   "title": "Fee increase proposed for 2027",
   "type": "Proposed rule WSR 26-19-136 (WAC 308-17-150)",
   "summary": "The proposal adds a separate $25 application fee to each new investigator license, armed endorsement, and agency license; renewal fees stay single fees. An investigator license would rise from $220 to $250 plus the application fee, and renewal from $193 to $241; an agency license including the first exam from $640 to $775 plus the application fee, and renewal from $385 to $481; armed endorsements from $110 to $113 plus the application fee; and the late renewal penalty from $35 to $44. The Department says new fees would take effect January 1, 2027 if adopted.",
   "forLicensees": "Written comments are due by the October 27, 2026 hearing; nothing changes unless the rule is adopted.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "WSR 26-19-136",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/law/wsr/2026/19/26-19-136.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "Department news",
     "url": "https://dol.wa.gov/professional-licenses/private-investigators/news-and-updates-private-investigators"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Pennsylvania",
   "id": "act-41",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/pennsylvania#act-41",
   "date": "2026-09-18",
   "title": "DNA law updated for the new promoting-prostitution offense",
   "type": "Act 41 of 2026 (SB 45), sec. 6, P.L. 492",
   "summary": "In the definition of “felony sex offense” in 44 Pa.C.S. 2303, the act replaces the reference to 18 Pa.C.S. 5902(c)(1)(iv) with 18 Pa.C.S. 3027, the new promoting-prostitution offense the act creates. Every felony already required a sample, so the change does not widen who gives DNA. Section 9 sets the effective date at 60 days after approval, which is September 18, 2026.",
   "forPractitioners": "A conviction for felony promoting prostitution under the new section 3027 counts as a felony sex offense for the DNA law.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 41 of 2026",
     "url": "https://www.palegis.us/statutes/unconsolidated/law-information/view-statute?txtType=PDF&SessYr=2026&ActNum=0041.&SessInd=0"
    },
    {
     "label": "44 Pa.C.S. 2303",
     "url": "https://www.palegis.us/statutes/consolidated/view-statute?txtType=PDF&ttl=44&div=00.&chpt=23&sctn=03&subsctn=0"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-1311",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/california#sb-1311",
   "date": "2026-09-14",
   "title": "Master agreements need not give start and end dates for each job",
   "type": "Senate Bill 1311, Chapter 232, Statutes of 2026",
   "summary": "Amends section 7524(a)(3), the written client agreement rule. A master agreement for services contracted frequently over a set period no longer has to state approximate start and completion dates for the work, if it states its own beginning and termination dates. The rest of section 7524 is unchanged.",
   "forLicensees": "A standing agreement with a repeat client can give the agreement’s own beginning and termination dates instead of dates for each assignment.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1311",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB1311"
    },
    {
     "label": "Section 7524",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&sectionNum=7524."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-1445",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/california#sb-1445",
   "date": "2026-09-14",
   "title": "BSIS no longer required to send licensees copies of the law",
   "type": "Senate Bill 1445, Chapter 237, Statutes of 2026",
   "summary": "Repeals section 7519, which requires the Director of Consumer Affairs to give every licensed PI business a free copy of the current licensing law and regulations at least every two years. It also repeals the matching provision for private security services (7581.5) and a similar one for alarm companies (7599.71).",
   "forLicensees": "From January 1, 2027, use the online versions of the Act and the regulations.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1445",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB1445"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "oac-109-2-1-13",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/ohio#oac-109-2-1-13",
   "date": "2026-09-14",
   "title": "Dementia training: current officers must document it or stop carrying a firearm",
   "type": "OAC 109:2-1-13 (rule), carrying out HB 23",
   "summary": "The rule adds up to 2 hours of basic training on interacting with people with dementia. Officers who began basic training before April 3, 2023 “shall have two years from July 1, 2024” to give the executive director proof that they completed the training. That deadline, July 1, 2026, falls before the rule took effect. An officer who does not comply must stop carrying a firearm and stop performing peace-officer functions until proof is filed. The executive director may extend the deadline on a written request that explains emergency circumstances.",
   "forOfficers": "If you began basic training before April 3, 2023, make sure proof of dementia training is on file with OPOTC.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "OAC 109:2-1-13",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-109:2-1-13"
    },
    {
     "label": "Rule summary",
     "url": "https://www.registerofohio.state.oh.us/pdfs/109/2/1/109$2-1-13_PH_OF_A_RS_20260629_1616.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "ch-179-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/arizona#ch-179-2026",
   "date": "2026-09-12",
   "title": "Employer pays an officer’s fees when a firing is twice found without just cause and the officer is not reinstated",
   "type": "Laws 2026, Ch. 179 (SB 1493), amending A.R.S. 38-1106 (with conforming cross-reference edits to 38-612 and 38-1004)",
   "summary": "New A.R.S. 38-1106(J) applies when two things happen. A hearing officer, administrative law judge, or appeals board finds a termination was without just cause and the employer does not reinstate the officer. Then a superior court action under 38-1107 also finds no just cause. The employer “shall pay” the officer’s taxable costs, reasonable attorney fees, and expert fees for both appeals. The act also reletters the section and adds a cross-reference to the 38-1119 definition of the Rule 15.1 database. The duty to send the final disposition to a prosecutor for that database already existed.",
   "forOfficers": "If you win twice on a wrongful termination and are not reinstated, your employer pays your fees.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2026, Ch. 179",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/57Leg/2R/laws/0179.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "A.R.S. 38-1106",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/ars/38/01106.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "ch-88-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/arizona#ch-88-2026",
   "date": "2026-09-12",
   "title": "No retaliation or obstruction against employees who testify in discipline appeals",
   "type": "Laws 2026, Ch. 88 (HB 2253), amending A.R.S. 38-1106",
   "summary": "An agency, employer, or political subdivision “may not” retaliate against an employee for testifying in an in-camera disclosure proceeding under 38-1106(E). It also “may not prohibit or obstruct” an employee, including a designated subject matter expert, from testifying in an administrative or court proceeding on a disciplinary appeal (now 38-1106(Q)). Other edits are wording only.",
   "forOfficers": "Coworkers can testify in your discipline appeal without being blocked by the agency.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2026, Ch. 88",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/57Leg/2R/laws/0088.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "A.R.S. 38-1106",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/ars/38/01106.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "ch-32-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/arizona#ch-32-2026",
   "date": "2026-09-12",
   "title": "Military Police to Peace Officer Pathway Act: an alternative route for military police veterans, starting 2027",
   "type": "Laws 2026, Ch. 32 (SB 1107), amending A.R.S. 41-1822 and 38-884",
   "summary": "New A.R.S. 41-1822(A)(8): “beginning January 1, 2027” the Board “shall” set up an alternative certification pathway for honorably discharged veterans who served as military police. The pathway must accept existing military police training and experience toward AZPOST requirements, allow a shorter AZPOST program on Arizona law, procedures, and community policing, and require passing the Board’s certification exam. Applicants must still meet all moral character, medical, psychological, and background requirements. The Board “shall” process complete applications within 60 days. Former subsections (B) to (F) were relettered (D) to (H). The pathway is not yet available on October 19, 2026.",
   "forOfficers": "If you served as military police, a shorter route to AZPOST certification opens in 2027; background and fitness standards stay the same.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2026, Ch. 32",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/57Leg/2R/laws/0032.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "A.R.S. 41-1822",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/ars/41/01822.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "sb-1123",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/arizona#sb-1123",
   "date": "2026-09-12",
   "title": "Trainee autopsies may be supervised by a physician trained, not board certified, in forensic pathology",
   "type": "Laws 2026, ch. 33 (SB 1123), A.R.S. 11-594",
   "summary": "A county medical examiner may authorize medical students, and residents and fellows in pathology training, to perform autopsies under a licensed physician “trained” in forensic pathology. The words “board certified” were struck (11-594(B)(2)). Pathologist assistants must still work under the direct supervision of a physician board certified in forensic pathology (11-594(B)(3)). The act also extends the disease-exposure testing provisions of A.R.S. 32-3207 to persons authorized to perform medical examiner duties, including supervised trainees, and makes conforming changes to 36-831.",
   "forPractitioners": "When a trainee performed the autopsy, ask for the supervising physician’s forensic pathology training and certification.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2026, ch. 33",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/57leg/2R/laws/0033.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Iowa",
   "id": "ra-26-276",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/iowa#ra-26-276",
   "date": "2026-09-02",
   "title": "Department proposes to rewrite Chapter 121",
   "type": "Regulatory analysis",
   "summary": "Under Executive Order 10, the Department of Public Safety published a regulatory analysis proposing to rescind 661 IAC Chapter 121 and adopt a new chapter in its place. A public hearing was scheduled for September 23, 2026, with written comments due the same day. The proposed text keeps the $100 license fee, the $10 identification card fee, and the 12-hour continuing education requirement. It would allow fingerprints to be submitted through a department-approved fingerprint vendor instead of only on FD-258 cards, add a limited liability company form to the application, accept general liability or professional liability coverage on the insurance certificate, and replace definitions with cross-references to Iowa Code 80A.1. It would drop the list of offenses that personal injury insurance must cover, the 2003 letter-of-credit exception, and the requirement that reports and cover letters to clients be personally signed by the licensee or a designee. The department’s Red Tape Review report also lists the campus weapon rule (121.18) and the replacement license rule (121.24) for repeal. As of the October 14, 2026 Bulletin, the Notice of Intended Action had not been published.",
   "forLicensees": "Nothing has changed yet. Watch for the Notice of Intended Action, which opens a further comment period before any new rules are adopted.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Iowa Administrative Bulletin, Sep 2, 2026",
     "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/aco/bulletin/09-02-2026.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Regulatory analysis",
     "url": "https://dps.iowa.gov/media/3279/download?inline"
    },
    {
     "label": "Red Tape Review report",
     "url": "https://dps.iowa.gov/media/3229/download?inline"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Kentucky",
   "id": "kar-41-certification-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/kentucky#kar-41-certification-2026",
   "date": "2026-09-01",
   "title": "Board certifies its rules to remain in effect",
   "type": "Certification",
   "summary": "Under KRS 13A.3104, Kentucky agencies must periodically review each regulation and certify whether it will be amended or remain in effect. The board filed certification letters stating that 201 KAR 41:020, 41:030, 41:040, 41:060, 41:065, 41:070, and 41:080 (September 1, 2026) and 41:090 and 41:100 (September 14, 2026) remain in effect without amendment. The October 2026 Administrative Register lists the letters.",
   "forLicensees": "No change to application, exam, renewal, continuing education, complaint, or ethics rules.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Administrative Register, October 2026",
     "url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/kar/registers/53Ky_R_2026-27/04_Oct.pdf#page=235"
    },
    {
     "label": "201 KAR Chapter 41",
     "url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/kar/titles/201/041/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oregon",
   "id": "dpsst-6-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oregon#dpsst-6-2026",
   "date": "2026-09-01",
   "title": "License fee rises to $800; renewal $760",
   "type": "Final rule, DPSST 6-2026 (OAR 259-061-0010)",
   "summary": "The new private or provisional investigator license fee rose from $690 to $800, which now includes the application fee previously charged separately as $29. Renewal rose from $690 to $760, the late fee from $35 to $40, and a duplicate license from $24 to $27.",
   "forLicensees": "A two-year renewal costs $760.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "OAR 259-061-0010",
     "url": "https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/view.action?ruleNumber=259-061-0010"
    },
    {
     "label": "DPSST renewal page",
     "url": "https://www.oregon.gov/dpsst/PI/Pages/Renew.aspx"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "tcole-hb33-rules",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#tcole-hb33-rules",
   "date": "2026-09-01",
   "title": "Agency standards, reporting, and supervisor training rules for HB 33",
   "type": "37 TAC 211.16, 211.29, and 218.3 (amended)",
   "summary": "Rule 211.16 requires every agency to have access to a breaching tool and a ballistic shield, clarifies what an agency’s active-shooter policy must contain, and requires certain agencies to have a Public Information Officer, who has one year from assignment to get the certificate. It also sets factors for whether a new or existing agency provides public benefit to the community. Rule 211.29 requires chief administrators to report people who do not meet minimum enrollment or licensing standards, and to report school active-shooter response evaluations. Rule 218.3 requires supervisors to take incident command training each 2-year unit, and reserves and public security officers to complete ALERRT training each 4-year cycle, with ALERRT Level 1 due by August 31, 2029.",
   "forOfficers": "Supervisors should log incident command training in each 2-year unit; reserves should plan for ALERRT Level 1 by August 31, 2029.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule 211.16",
     "url": "https://www.tcole.texas.gov/document/adopted-rule-211-16-amended-20260901.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Rule 211.29",
     "url": "https://www.tcole.texas.gov/document/adopted-rule-211-29-amended-20260901.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Rule 218.3",
     "url": "https://www.tcole.texas.gov/document/adopted-rule-218-3-amended-20260901.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "rule-223-20",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#rule-223-20",
   "date": "2026-09-01",
   "title": "Emergency suspension rule",
   "type": "37 TAC 223.20 (new)",
   "summary": "Implements Occ. Code 1701.5011, added in 2023: TCOLE may suspend a license for up to 90 days without a hearing if the person is an imminent threat to public health, safety, or welfare, but the rule applies only when that person is an agency chief administrator or the chief administrator is unable to make a fitness-for-duty determination (223.20(a)). A hearing at the State Office of Administrative Hearings follows.",
   "forOfficers": "An emergency suspension order must be set for hearing within 10 days; be ready to contest it there.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule 223.20",
     "url": "https://www.tcole.texas.gov/document/adopted-rule-223-20-new-20260901.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Utah",
   "id": "r156-92",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/utah#r156-92",
   "date": "2026-09-01",
   "title": "DOPL emergency rule",
   "type": "R156-92, Filing ID 58199",
   "summary": "Sets $10,000 bonds, an agent exam passing score of 75%, renewal in August of odd years, continuing education topics, and agency requirements. It requires agent and registrant experience to have been earned as a licensed investigator or government investigator within 10 years (R156-92-303(1)(c), -304(1)(e)).",
   "forLicensees": "A permanent rule may change these details.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "R156-92",
     "url": "https://commerce.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/r156-92-private-investigator-rule-emergency-rule-effective-09.01.2026.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Utah",
   "id": "sb-149",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/utah#sb-149",
   "date": "2026-09-01",
   "title": "Licensing moves from Public Safety to DOPL",
   "type": "S.B. 149 (2026), Laws of Utah 2026, ch. 44",
   "summary": "Repeals Title 53, Chapter 9 and enacts the Private Investigation Licensing Act, Title 58, Chapter 92, administered by DOPL. Holders of Public Safety licenses are considered to hold the matching new license (58-92-314). Also amends the tracking-device exception to cover jail release orders in the protective order check, and removes the requirement that process servers wear visible credentials; servers must still print their name and license number on the first page (78B-8-302).",
   "forLicensees": "Public Safety licenses stay valid until their expiration date; DOPL says you may apply up to 60 days before it.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.B. 149",
     "url": "https://le.utah.gov/Session/2026/bills/enrolled/SB0149.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Delaware",
   "id": "hb-322",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/delaware#hb-322",
   "date": "2026-08-31",
   "title": "Health-care staff and security may detain people pending police",
   "type": "HS 1 for HB 322, 85 Del. Laws c. 454",
   "summary": "Adds 11 Del. C. 1914(b)(2): a person employed by or providing security services for a health-care institution or a licensed medical or dental practice may take a person presenting a security or safety risk into custody and detain the person in a reasonable manner on the premises for a reasonable time to summon a law enforcement officer.",
   "forLicensees": "This applies to employees of, and security providers for, those facilities, not to investigators generally.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HS 1 for HB 322",
     "url": "https://legis.delaware.gov/BillDetail?LegislationId=143345"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "sb-1233",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/missouri#sb-1233",
   "date": "2026-08-28",
   "title": "Temporary license for experienced applicants from states that do not license",
   "type": "Senate Bill 1233, 103rd General Assembly",
   "summary": "New RSMo 324.004 applies to any Missouri board or agency that issues occupational or professional licenses, and does not exclude private investigators. A person with at least three years of work experience in a state or the District of Columbia that does not license the occupation may apply for a one-time, nonrenewable two-year temporary license. The board must decide within 45 days and require the state’s licensing exam. Applicants whose license was revoked elsewhere, or who are under investigation, have a complaint pending, or are under disciplinary action, are ineligible; nonresidents must establish Missouri domicile within 60 days, and the license is valid only in Missouri.",
   "forLicensees": "An investigator from a state without PI licensing can work in Missouri on a temporary license after passing the exam. The temporary license cannot be renewed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "RSMo 324.004",
     "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=324.004"
    },
    {
     "label": "SB 1233 truly agreed text",
     "url": "https://www.senate.mo.gov/26info/pdf-bill/tat/SB1233.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "sb-1421",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/missouri#sb-1421",
   "date": "2026-08-28",
   "title": "Board renamed and expanded to license bail bond agents",
   "type": "Senate Bill 1421, 103rd General Assembly",
   "summary": "The public safety bill amends RSMo 324.1100, 324.1102, 324.1103, 324.1105, 324.1116 and 324.1134 and moves the licensing of professional surety bail bond agents from the Department of Commerce and Insurance to the renamed Board of Private Investigators, Private Fire Investigators, and Professional Surety Bail Bond Agents. The board grows from seven to ten members, adding three members from the bail bond or surety recovery business. Members serving on August 28, 2026 keep their seats. The board’s bail bond duties, and the abolition of the old board, take effect only once the governor appoints and the Senate confirms the bail bond members. Existing rules in 20 CSR 2234 stay in force until the board revises them, and the board fund is renamed.",
   "forLicensees": "Licensing requirements, fees and continuing education for private investigators do not change. Expect the board’s name, and later its forms and rules, to change once the new members are seated.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1421 status",
     "url": "https://www.senate.mo.gov/BillTracking/Bills/BillInformation?billid=8214&year=2026"
    },
    {
     "label": "Truly agreed text",
     "url": "https://www.senate.mo.gov/26info/pdf-bill/tat/SB1421.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "RSMo 324.1102",
     "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=324.1102"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "hb1866-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/missouri#hb1866-2026",
   "date": "2026-08-28",
   "title": "A revoked or surrendered license is cause to deny a new application",
   "type": "2026 HCS HB 1866, amending RSMo 590.100 (also 590.010 and 590.205)",
   "summary": "New 590.100.2: the director “shall have cause to deny” an application for a peace officer license, or for entry into basic training, when the applicant had a peace officer license or certification that was revoked or surrendered. This covers Missouri licenses as well as those from elsewhere. Revocation elsewhere was already a cause to deny: since 2023 it has been a cause to discipline under 590.080.2(8), and 590.100.1 lets the director deny on any cause to discipline. The new subsection adds surrender, and reaches Missouri revocations and surrenders without a separate finding of cause to discipline. It is a cause to deny, not a bar: the director “may” still grant the application on probation, and a denial can be appealed to the Administrative Hearing Commission.",
   "forOfficers": "A license you surrendered, in Missouri or elsewhere, can now be used to deny a later application.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 1866 (2026), truly agreed",
     "url": "https://documents.house.mo.gov/billtracking/bills261/hlrbillspdf/4736H.02T.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "RSMo 590.100",
     "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=590.100"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-104-0852",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/illinois#pa-104-0852",
   "date": "2026-08-21",
   "title": "Technical revisions to training sections",
   "type": "Public Act 104-0852",
   "summary": "The First 2026 General Revisory Act made technical and stylistic corrections to the alarm contractor and security contractor training sections (225 ILCS 447/20-20 and 25-20). It states that it is not intended to make any substantive change in the law.",
   "forLicensees": "No action needed by private detectives.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Act text",
     "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/publicacts/104/104-0852.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "SB 3731 status",
     "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/ftp/legislation/104/BillStatus/HTML/10400SB3731.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb26-1312",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#hb26-1312",
   "date": "2026-08-12",
   "title": "Minimum age 21; larger Board; revoked officers barred from the Board and from teaching",
   "type": "HB26-1312, Ch. 367, Session Laws 2026",
   "summary": "Basic certification requirements “must” now include that the officer is at least 21 (C.R.S. 24-31-305(1)(a)(V)). No statutory age minimum existed before. The act’s title speaks of age 21 to pass P.O.S.T. exams; the enacted text puts it in the certification requirements. The Board grows from 24 members. The act says “twenty-eight members,” but the Attorney General, the FBI Denver special agent in charge, the public safety executive director, and 26 governor appointees add up to 29. The appointees include a local government representative, 5 chiefs, 5 sheriffs, 6 line officers, a line-officer organization representative, 2 state-agency officers, 3 non-law-enforcement members, academy directors, and a reserve-officer organization executive. A revoked person “shall not” be appointed to the Board or approved as a skills instructor. P.O.S.T. “shall not” approve an academy whose instructor was revoked after September 1, 2026. The 2026 session ended May 13, 2026, so the act took effect August 12.",
   "forOfficers": "If your certification was ever revoked, you cannot teach skills at a P.O.S.T. academy or serve on the Board.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB26-1312",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB26-1312/367/download"
    },
    {
     "label": "2026 Digest of Bills",
     "url": "https://content.leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/digest2026-accessible.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "sb26-120",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#sb26-120",
   "date": "2026-08-12",
   "title": "Missing-person alert training for certification and renewal",
   "type": "SB26-120, Ch. 145, Session Laws 2026",
   "summary": "A person seeking certification, or renewal of an expired certification under 24-31-305(1.7), “shall” complete public safety department training on missing-person alerts. P.O.S.T. “shall” add it to basic, reserve, and renewal training (new 24-31-319(3)).",
   "forOfficers": "If you are renewing an expired certification, expect the missing-person alert course.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB26-120",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/SB26-120/145/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "sb26-132",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/colorado#sb26-132",
   "date": "2026-08-12",
   "title": "Officers must offer a voluntary breath screening test after serious crashes",
   "type": "SB 26-132, session law ch. 370",
   "summary": "When a driver is in a collision that causes death or suspected serious bodily injury, an officer must, with certain exceptions, offer the driver a voluntary preliminary alcohol screening test of the breath, after telling the driver that they may refuse or agree. If the device malfunctions, cannot give a valid result, or is unavailable for reasons beyond the officer’s control, the officer must record in the crash incident report that no test was given and why. The act appropriates $90,000 from the parks and outdoor recreation cash fund and $30,000 from the wildlife cash fund to the Department of Natural Resources for Colorado Parks and Wildlife to carry it out. This description comes from the legislature’s summary of the act as enacted.",
   "forPractitioners": "In a fatal or serious-injury crash case, check the incident report for the offer of a screening test or the recorded reason none was given.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 26-132",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/SB26-132"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "sb26-105",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/colorado#sb26-105",
   "date": "2026-08-12",
   "title": "Coroner credential rule narrowed to counties over 300,000",
   "type": "SB 26-105, session law ch. 83, C.R.S. 30-10-601.5, 30-10-625",
   "summary": "The requirement that a coroner be a certified death investigator or a certified forensic pathologist now applies only in counties over 300,000 people, up from 150,000. New section 30-10-625 requires a coroner to disclose on the coroner’s website any financial interest in a death-care business the office regulates, such as a mortuary, funeral home or crematory. A coroner who has disclosed an interest may not take part in official action that would directly and specifically affect that business (30-10-625(4)). The act does not bar coroners from running a death-care business.",
   "forPractitioners": "In a county between 150,000 and 300,000 people, the coroner no longer needs the credential.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 26-105, final act",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bill_files/114941/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "atlas-v-we-inform",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-jersey#atlas-v-we-inform",
   "date": "2026-08-12",
   "title": "Supreme Court: Daniel’s Law actual damages need no showing of a mental state",
   "type": "Atlas Data Privacy Corp. v. We Inform, LLC (A-8-25), Supreme Court of New Jersey",
   "summary": "Answering a question certified by the Third Circuit, the Court held that Daniel’s Law does not contain a mental state requirement for actual damages liability under N.J.S.A. 56:8-166.1(c)(1).",
   "forLicensees": "Liability for actual damages (at least $1,000 per violation) for disclosing a covered person’s protected information after a valid notice does not depend on proof of intent or negligence; punitive damages still require willful or reckless disregard of the law.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Opinion",
     "url": "https://www.njcourts.gov/system/files/court-opinions/2026/a_8_25.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Massachusetts",
   "id": "c163-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/massachusetts#c163-2026",
   "date": "2026-08-05",
   "title": "State civil-rights action against anyone acting under color of law; limits on civil immigration enforcement",
   "type": "Acts 2026, c.163",
   "summary": "Section 2 adds M.G.L. c.12 s.11I 5/6: a state-law action for damages and equitable relief against “every person” who, under color of any state or federal law, deprives someone of federal constitutional rights. Any defense available under 42 U.S.C. 1983, including qualified immunity, is equally available. Section 7 adds c.147 s.64, effective 30 days after the act: state and local officers “shall” not ask about immigration status except for a documented, articulable, case-specific reason tied to human trafficking (c.265 ss.50 to 52) or a felony under investigation, and “shall” not take part in federal civil immigration enforcement, with exceptions. Section 1 requires the governor to publish guidelines for state agencies and private entities, including on verifying the identity and authority of officers doing civil immigration enforcement. The act does not change c.6E or POST certification.",
   "forOfficers": "You can be sued under state law for violating federal constitutional rights, with the same defenses as in federal court.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Acts 2026, c.163",
     "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2026/Chapter163"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Louisiana",
   "id": "act-965-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/louisiana#act-965-2026",
   "date": "2026-08-01",
   "title": "Notice required before recording with camera glasses",
   "type": "Act No. 965 (HB 410), 2026 Regular Session",
   "summary": "Adds La. R.S. 9:2790.1 to 2790.4, which bar a participant in a direct conversation from using wearable camera eyeglasses to record or transcribe it unless all participants are notified; a person who is not a participant is not covered. Exceptions include recordings made to preserve evidence related to an actual or anticipated civil or administrative proceeding, or to a criminal act or proceeding (9:2790.3(B)(6)-(7)). The Chapter also does not apply to incidental capture in public places (9:2790.3(D)). The remedy is civil, and the Act does not change the Electronic Surveillance Act.",
   "forLicensees": "The Act has no provision specific to investigators; its exceptions include recording to preserve evidence for a proceeding.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 410",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?s=26RS&b=HB410"
    },
    {
     "label": "Act 965",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/ViewDocument.aspx?d=1481911"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Louisiana",
   "id": "act-939-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/louisiana#act-939-2026",
   "date": "2026-08-01",
   "title": "Limits on boards recovering attorney fees after a licensee’s offer",
   "type": "Act No. 939 (SB 131), 2026 Regular Session",
   "summary": "Adds La. R.S. 37:21(D): when a licensing board’s disciplinary case ends with the licensee as the prevailing party after a written offer of judgment, the board may not collect attorney fees or costs it incurred after the offer, and the subsection overrides any less favorable agency rule (37:21(D)(3)). The PI Board is not excluded.",
   "forLicensees": "A licensee who prevails after a written offer is not charged the Board’s later fees and costs.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 131",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?s=26RS&b=SB131"
    },
    {
     "label": "Act 939",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/ViewDocument.aspx?d=1481807"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "c59-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/minnesota#c59-2026",
   "date": "2026-08-01",
   "title": "Disciplinary interviews: a broader “formal statement,” and electronic recording required",
   "type": "Laws 2026, ch. 59, secs. 9 and 10 (HF 1410), amending Minn. Stat. 626.89, subds. 1 and 8",
   "summary": "A “formal statement” now means questioning an officer to obtain “information” to be used as a basis for discipline or as evidence in a disciplinary proceeding. Before, it meant obtaining a recorded, stenographic, or signed statement to be used as evidence. A complete record of each session “must” now be made by electronic recording; the “or otherwise” option is struck. The officer still gets a free copy or transcript on request.",
   "forOfficers": "More questioning sessions now count as formal statements under the Discipline Procedures Act, and each one must be recorded electronically.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2026, ch. 59",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2026/0/Session+Law/Chapter/59/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 626.89",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.89"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Oklahoma",
   "id": "hb-4056",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/oklahoma#hb-4056",
   "date": "2026-08",
   "title": "Capital financing for the OSBI Forensic Science Center",
   "type": "HB 4056 (2026)",
   "summary": "New 73 O.S. 187A-15 authorizes the Oklahoma Capitol Improvement Authority to use $21,215,000 from the Legacy Capital Financing Fund for the OSBI to “Construct, refurbish, or expand the Forensic Science Center” and to buy or build warehouses. The money must be repaid to the fund through recapitalization payments. This is a financing authorization, not a regular appropriation. The act has no effective-date section, so it took effect 90 days after the 2026 session adjourned, in August 2026; the exact day could not be checked from official sources on October 19, 2026.",
   "forPractitioners": "Lab capacity may change as the project proceeds; the act sets no lab standards.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 4056",
     "url": "https://www.oklegislature.gov/cf_pdf/2025-26%20ENR/HB/HB4056%20ENR.PDF"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bill history",
     "url": "https://www.oklegislature.gov/BillInfo.aspx?Bill=HB4056&Session=2600"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "20-csr-2234-3-040-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/missouri#20-csr-2234-3-040-2026",
   "date": "2026-07-30",
   "title": "Agency employees with an active license can change agencies without reapplying",
   "type": "Final rule",
   "summary": "A new application is now required only when an agency investigator employee without an active license moves to a different agency. An employee who holds an active license instead files a Change in Agency Affiliation form and a Verification by Investigator-In-Charge form, both on the board’s website. The proposal was published March 2, 2026, and adopted without changes; no comments were received.",
   "forLicensees": "When hiring an agency investigator employee who already holds an active Missouri license, use the change of affiliation forms rather than a new application.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "20 CSR 2234-3",
     "url": "https://www.sos.mo.gov/cmsimages/adrules/csr/current/20csr/20c2234-3.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Proposed amendment, Missouri Register",
     "url": "https://www.sos.mo.gov/CMSImages/AdRules/moreg/2026/v51n5March1/v51n5.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Order of rulemaking",
     "url": "https://www.sos.mo.gov/CMSImages/AdRules/moreg/2026/v51n12June15/v51n12.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maine",
   "id": "pl-2025-c704",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maine#pl-2025-c704",
   "date": "2026-07-29",
   "title": "Board of Licensure of Professional Investigators eliminated",
   "type": "P.L. 2025, c. 704 (L.D. 2228)",
   "summary": "Repeals 32 M.R.S. 8103-A, which created the Board of Licensure of Professional Investigators, and removes the board’s role in the Chief’s rulemaking (8116(3)) and in keeping licensees’ home addresses and phone numbers confidential (8124). Licensing qualifications, fees, and terms are unchanged.",
   "forLicensees": "The Chief regulates without the board; home address and phone confidentiality continues.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L. 2025, c. 704",
     "url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/ros/LawsOfMaine/breeze/Law/getDocById/?docId=124260"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maine",
   "id": "pl-2025-c524",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maine#pl-2025-c524",
   "date": "2026-07-29",
   "title": "Employer electronic surveillance of employees regulated",
   "type": "P.L. 2025, c. 524 (L.D. 61)",
   "summary": "Enacts 26 M.R.S. 620-A: an employer may not electronically monitor an employee without notice, must disclose monitoring during interviews and give written notice yearly, and may not use audiovisual monitoring in an employee’s home or personal vehicle unless the job requires it. Security cameras and GPS on employer-owned vehicles are excluded.",
   "forLicensees": "When monitoring for an employer client, confirm the employer has given the required notices.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L. 2025, c. 524",
     "url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/ros/LawsOfMaine/breeze/Law/getDocById/?docId=121771"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-104-0601",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/illinois#pa-104-0601",
   "date": "2026-07-24",
   "title": "Licensing board reduced to 11 members",
   "type": "Public Act 104-0601",
   "summary": "Amends 225 ILCS 447/50-10. The board drops from 13 to 11 members by removing one locksmith seat and the seat for a licensee who provides canine odor detection services. Licensed members will need 3 years of experience instead of 5. The two private detective seats remain.",
   "forLicensees": "No change to individual licensing requirements. Private detectives licensed for 3 to 5 years become eligible for board appointment.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Act text",
     "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/publicacts/104/104-0601.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 4353 status",
     "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/ftp/legislation/104/BillStatus/HTML/10400HB4353.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "njre-702-comment",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/new-jersey#njre-702-comment",
   "date": "2026-07-23",
   "title": "Official comment ties Rule 702 to the Accutane and Olenowski standards",
   "type": "2026 Official Court Comment on N.J.R.E. 702",
   "summary": "The comment says N.J.R.E. 702 “incorporates the expert reliability standard for civil cases prescribed in In re Accutane Litigation” and the standard “for criminal cases prescribed in State v. Olenowski.” Trial courts must do “a rigorous gatekeeping analysis” of the expert’s method using non-exclusive factors drawn from Daubert. The comment restates the case-law standard; the rule text is unchanged and still has no “more likely than not” wording.",
   "forPractitioners": "Cite the comment along with Olenowski when asking for a reliability hearing on a forensic method.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "N.J.R.E. 702 and comment",
     "url": "https://www.njcourts.gov/attorneys/evidence/7"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Michigan",
   "id": "frt-funding",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/michigan#frt-funding",
   "date": "2026-07-21",
   "title": "Revenue-sharing money may not pay for facial recognition",
   "type": "2025 PA 22 (HB 4706) and 2026 PA 21 (SB 878), section 959",
   "summary": "In two budget acts, public safety revenue-sharing distributions to cities, villages, townships, and counties “must not be used for … the acquisition or use of facial recognition technology,” defined as an automated or semiautomated process that helps identify or verify a person from their face. The limit sits in annual appropriations, not in the compiled laws, and reaches only those distributions.",
   "forPractitioners": "Ask how a local agency paid for any facial recognition tool used in a case.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2025 PA 22",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2025-2026/publicact/pdf/2025-PA-0022.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "2026 PA 21",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2025-2026/publicact/pdf/2026-PA-0021.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Nebraska",
   "id": "lb-935",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/nebraska#lb-935",
   "date": "2026-07-18",
   "title": "New felony for tracking a person without consent, with a limited exception for licensed investigators",
   "type": "Legislative Bill 935, 109th Legislature",
   "summary": "Enacted sections 28-1336 to 28-1339. It is a Class IIIA felony to knowingly install a mobile tracking device on another person’s property without consent, to use a device or app to track a person or their property without consent, or to fail to remove a device after consent is revoked. Consent is treated as revoked if the person says so, if either spouse files for divorce, annulment, or separate maintenance, or if the person obtains a protection order. The general exception for legitimate business purposes does not apply to private investigators. A person licensed under 71-3201 to 71-3213 is exempt only with the property owner’s consent and only to investigate crimes, locate a fugitive, locate lost or stolen property or court-awarded assets, or investigate workers’ compensation claims. The exception does not apply if the client is the subject of a protection order or if the investigator knows or reasonably should know the client wants help committing a crime. The act also added a tracking device conviction to the list of potentially disqualifying convictions for occupational licenses (84-941.01). An earlier tracking bill with a similar investigator exception, LB 1224, was indefinitely postponed on April 18, 2024.",
   "forLicensees": "Do not place a GPS tracker or tracking app without the property owner’s consent, even for a client with a business purpose. Screen clients for protection orders before any tracking work.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Section 28-1338",
     "url": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=28-1338"
    },
    {
     "label": "LB 935",
     "url": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/bills/view_bill.php?DocumentID=62933"
    },
    {
     "label": "Slip law",
     "url": "https://www.nebraskalegislature.gov/FloorDocs/109/PDF/Slip/LB935.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "LB 1224 (2024)",
     "url": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/bills/view_bill.php?DocumentID=55222"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Nevada",
   "id": "board-memo-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/nevada#board-memo-2026",
   "date": "2026-07-15",
   "title": "Board cancels armed-security verification workshop and pauses work card appeals",
   "type": "Board memorandum",
   "summary": "Citing recent legislative inquiries about its policies and operations, the Board cancelled its July 28, 2026 workshop on the Verification of Employment for Armed Security form and said it would not consider work card appeals at its September 2026 meeting.",
   "forLicensees": "No rule on the verification form has been proposed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Board memorandum",
     "url": "https://pilb.nv.gov/siteassets/pilb.nv.gov/content/boards-commissions/2026/notice-of-cancellation-7-15-26.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-104-573",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/illinois#pa-104-573",
   "date": "2026-07-14",
   "title": "Certificates of innocence for juveniles and non-prison sentences",
   "type": "P.A. 104-573 (HB 3663)",
   "summary": "735 ILCS 5/2-702 now covers people convicted “or adjudicated a delinquent” who served any part of a sentence in a State prison, county jail, county juvenile detention facility, or Illinois Youth Center, on parole or probation, or as a registered sex offender. Before, it covered only people who were imprisoned. A petitioner may be innocent of “one or more” offenses, not “all.”",
   "forPractitioners": "A client who served probation after a conviction later vacated on forensic grounds may now petition.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.A. 104-573",
     "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/PublicActs/104/104-0573.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Pennsylvania",
   "id": "rapid-dna-budget",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/pennsylvania#rapid-dna-budget",
   "date": "2026-07-12",
   "title": "Rapid DNA Coverdell federal appropriation ($250,000, fiscal 2026–27 only)",
   "type": "Act 1A of 2026 (HB 2400), General Appropriation Act, sec. 204",
   "summary": "Under the Attorney General’s line for joint local-State firearm task forces, the act appropriates “Rapid DNA Coverdell - DOJ. Federal appropriation” of $250,000 for July 1, 2026 to June 30, 2027. This is one year of spending authority for federal grant money, not state money and not a standing program. Whether the grant was received is not shown. It is the first such line in the budgets for fiscal 2023–24 through 2026–27. No statute authorizes or regulates Rapid DNA; the DNA chapter, 44 Pa.C.S. chapter 23, has no Rapid DNA provision.",
   "forPractitioners": "In a firearm task force case with a Rapid DNA result, ask what procedures governed the testing, since no statute sets them.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 2400, PN 3765",
     "url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/text/HTM/2025/0/HB2400/PN3765"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bill history",
     "url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/2025/hb2400"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "wsr-26-13-044",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#wsr-26-13-044",
   "date": "2026-07-12",
   "title": "Hearing rules aligned with the revocation statute",
   "type": "WSR 26-13-044 (WAC 139-06-080 and 139-06-150)",
   "summary": "Updates the CJTC rule on service of documents (WAC 139-06-080) and conforms WAC 139-06-150 to RCW 43.101.105.",
   "forOfficers": "No change to your obligations.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "WSR 26-13-044",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/law/wsr/2026/13/26-13-044.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "dps-notices-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/arizona#dps-notices-2026",
   "date": "2026-07-08",
   "title": "Fingerprint affidavit required; electronic filing suspended",
   "type": "DPS Licensing Unit notices",
   "summary": "DPS says fingerprints received on or after July 8, 2026 must come with a completed Fingerprint Affidavit, sealed in one envelope with the fingerprint card, or the packet is rejected. Forms signed and received after October 3, 2026 that are not the newest version will be rejected. Because of a move to a new processing system, electronic applications and fingerprint submissions are suspended from October 30, 2026; the DPS page does not give a relaunch date.",
   "forLicensees": "From October 30, 2026, electronic applications and fingerprint submissions are suspended until DPS’s new system launches.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "DPS licensing page",
     "url": "https://www.azdps.gov/services/public-services-center/licensing"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Hawaii",
   "id": "act-196-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/hawaii#act-196-2026",
   "date": "2026-07-07",
   "title": "Felony of nonconsensual disclosure of intimate images",
   "type": "Act 196, SLH 2026 (SB 2135)",
   "summary": "Creates the offense of nonconsensual disclosure of intimate or private images in HRS chapter 711, including disclosing or threatening to disclose such an image to compel conduct, obtain more images or anything of value, or affect a family court proceeding.",
   "forLicensees": "Handle intimate images found in an investigation only as evidence, through counsel or law enforcement.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 2135 CD1",
     "url": "https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessions/session2026/bills/SB2135_CD1_.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "cjstc-2026-rules",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/florida#cjstc-2026-rules",
   "date": "2026-07-02",
   "title": "Sexual harassment violation broadened; relationship penalty raised",
   "type": "Rules 11B-27.0011, .002, .00212, .00225, .005, and .014 (amended)",
   "summary": "Sexual harassment as a moral character violation now follows the federal definition in 29 C.F.R. 1604.11 and no longer requires physical contact or misuse of official position. The penalty guideline for an unprofessional relationship becomes prospective suspension to revocation. A medical review officer must review and sign all drug screen results. Several forms are revised, including the Employment Background Investigative Report, and the forms drop the separate Railroad Police employment class; F.S. 943.10 still counts railroad special officers as law enforcement officers.",
   "forOfficers": "Harassing conduct without physical contact can now cost your certification.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule notice, FAR April 2, 2026",
     "url": "https://www.flrules.org/Gateway/View_notice.asp?id=30735243"
    },
    {
     "label": "Rule 11B-27.002 history",
     "url": "https://www.flrules.org/gateway/ruleNo.asp?id=11B-27.002"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "lawful-presence-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/texas#lawful-presence-2026",
   "date": "2026-07-02",
   "title": "Proof of lawful presence required for new and renewal licenses",
   "type": "Final rule, 37 TAC 35.21, 35.22, 35.30, 35.81, 35.83, and 35.121 to 35.124",
   "summary": "Individual, owner, and company applicants, new and renewing, must prove eligibility for state public benefits, which include professional licenses, under the federal Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. DPS checks the documents through the federal SAVE program. Accepted documents include a REAL ID-compliant license or ID, a U.S. passport, a birth certificate, naturalization papers, a permanent resident card, or an employment authorization document (35.21(b)(5) lists them all; 35.22(a)(4) applies the list to renewals and 35.121(c) to investigations company applicants).",
   "forLicensees": "Every new or renewal application filed on or after July 2, 2026 needs one of the listed documents.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Texas Register, adopted rules",
     "url": "https://www.sos.state.tx.us/texreg/archive/June262026/Adopted%20Rules/37.PUBLIC%20SAFETY%20AND%20CORRECTIONS.html"
    },
    {
     "label": "Proposed rules",
     "url": "https://www.sos.state.tx.us/texreg/archive/April242026/Proposed%20Rules/37.PUBLIC%20SAFETY%20AND%20CORRECTIONS.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Alaska",
   "id": "hb-239-acp",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/alaska#hb-239-acp",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Address Confidentiality Program created",
   "type": "HB 239 (2026), ch. 9 SLA 26 (AS 44.21.022)",
   "summary": "Victims of domestic violence, stalking, or sexual assault, peace officers, correctional officers, and their household members may enroll and use a program post office box that state and municipal agencies must accept. Recklessly or knowingly disclosing an enrollee’s confidential program information to a protective-order respondent, or disclosing it after unauthorized database access, is a class A misdemeanor.",
   "forLicensees": "Agency records for enrollees show a program box, not a residence; take care in locate work for a client who is a protective-order respondent.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 239",
     "url": "https://www.akleg.gov/PDF/34/Bills/HB0239Z.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Alaska",
   "id": "hb-239-stalking",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/alaska#hb-239-stalking",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "First-degree stalking covers victims under 18",
   "type": "HB 239 (2026), ch. 9 SLA 26",
   "summary": "Raises the age in AS 11.41.260(a)(3) so that stalking is first-degree when the victim is under 18, up from under 16. The definition of nonconsensual contact, which includes following or monitoring with a GPS or similar device (AS 11.41.270), was not changed.",
   "forLicensees": "Tracking that puts a minor in fear can be a felony.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 239",
     "url": "https://www.akleg.gov/PDF/34/Bills/HB0239Z.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Connecticut",
   "id": "pa-25-113",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/connecticut#pa-25-113",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Data privacy act reaches any business that sells personal data",
   "type": "Public Act 25-113 (SB 1295), section 6",
   "summary": "The Connecticut Data Privacy Act now applies to a business that, in the preceding year, controlled or processed personal data of at least 35,000 consumers (down from 100,000), controlled or processed sensitive data, or offered consumers’ personal data for sale (Conn. Gen. Stat. 42-516).",
   "forLicensees": "A firm that sells consumer data can be covered regardless of size; check the exemptions in 42-517.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Act 25-113",
     "url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/2025/ACT/PA/PDF/2025PA-00113-R00SB-01295-PA.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "ch-2026-46",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/florida#ch-2026-46",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Volunteer armed security at places of worship exempted",
   "type": "CS/SB 52, Chapter 2026-46, Laws of Florida",
   "summary": "Adds s. 493.6102(16), which exempts from Chapter 493 anyone who provides armed security on the premises of a church, mosque, synagogue, or other place of worship voluntarily and without pay. It reenacts s. 493.6201(4), the rule that Class C and CC licensees must own or work for a Class A agency or branch.",
   "forLicensees": "No change to PI licensing. The agency ownership or employment rule stays the same.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 2026-46",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/2026/46"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "device-warrants-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/florida#device-warrants-2026",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Device search warrants: 365-day return, no analysis deadline",
   "type": "Ch. 2026-177, s. 2 (CS/HB 359)",
   "summary": "Section 933.05 was restructured. A warrant for a computer or electronic device, including data on it, must be returned within 365 days. It is timely executed if the device is seized within 10 days, and the agency need not finish analyzing or reviewing the data within the return period. Warrants for DNA specimens must be returned within 30 days, and warrants to out-of-state providers for electronic communications data within 20 days.",
   "forPractitioners": "Under the 2026 rules, analysis of device data may continue after the warrant is returned.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Ch. 2026-177",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/files/Ch_2026-177.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "s. 933.05",
     "url": "https://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0900-0999/0933/Sections/0933.05.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "icac",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/florida#icac",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Child exploitation grants may pay for digital forensics",
   "type": "Ch. 2026-96 (CS/SB 656)",
   "summary": "The Online Sting Operations Grant Program is renamed the Internet Crimes Against Children Grant Program (s. 943.0411), and its uses now include “investigative or digital forensics training, hardware, or software.” The act also creates the ICAC Task Force Funding Program (s. 943.0421), which sends 80 percent to task forces and 20 percent to FDLE.",
   "forPractitioners": "Funding only; no new standards for digital forensic work.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Ch. 2026-96",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/files/Ch_2026-096.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "id": "hb-579",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/georgia#hb-579",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Division director may issue and renew licenses for licensing boards",
   "type": "House Bill 579, Act 89 (2025)",
   "summary": "Adds O.C.G.A. 43-1-3.1. The director of the Professional Licensing Boards Division may review applications to issue, renew, or reinstate a license and, if every qualification is met, act on the board’s behalf; other applications go to the board. New 43-1-26 limits each professional licensing board’s rules to those designed to protect public health, safety, and welfare. The act applies to boards in the division generally and does not name this Board.",
   "forLicensees": "Complete applications and renewals may be approved by the division director without waiting for a Board meeting.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 579",
     "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/70666"
    },
    {
     "label": "As passed",
     "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/api/legislation/document/20252026/237760"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Idaho",
   "id": "h-738",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/idaho#h-738",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Home-based LLCs may list their registered agent’s address",
   "type": "H 738 (2026), ch. 80",
   "summary": "Lets an LLC with only a residential address list its commercial registered agent’s address instead of a principal office on its certificate of organization (Idaho Code 30-25-201(b)(2)(ii)).",
   "forLicensees": "New filings may not show the owner’s home address.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "H 738",
     "url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/sessioninfo/2026/legislation/H0738/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Idaho",
   "id": "h-727",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/idaho#h-727",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Voyeurism and synthetic-media laws cover threatened disclosure and AI images of minors",
   "type": "H 727 (2026), ch. 121",
   "summary": "According to its statement of purpose, the act bars threats to disclose intimate images and makes disclosing AI-generated explicit images of a minor a felony (Idaho Code 18-6605, 18-6606). Recording intimate areas where a person expects privacy was already a crime.",
   "forLicensees": "Lawful surveillance in public is unaffected.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "H 727",
     "url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/sessioninfo/2026/legislation/H0727/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Indiana",
   "id": "hea-1230",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/indiana#hea-1230",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Higher civil penalty cap for business entities",
   "type": "P.L. 29-2026 (House Enrolled Act 1230)",
   "summary": "Amends IC 25-1-11-12, which applies to this board. The civil penalty a board may assess is now up to $1,000 per violation for an individual practitioner and up to $5,000 per violation for a business entity. The act also updates the renewal-date cross-reference in IC 25-30-1-16 after merging the licensing agency’s duties into IC 25-1-5. Renewal cycles and fees did not change.",
   "forLicensees": "Licensed firms face a higher maximum penalty per violation. The board’s fines rule (874 IAC 2-1-2) sets fines at half the statutory maximum unless adjusted.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Enrolled act",
     "url": "https://iga.in.gov/pdf-documents/124/2026/house/bills/HB1230/HB1230.04.ENRS.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "IC 25-30 (2026)",
     "url": "https://iga.in.gov/ic/2026/Title_25/Article_30.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Kansas",
   "id": "hb-2479",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/kansas#hb-2479",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Breach of privacy now requires intent; penalties raised",
   "type": "HB 2479 (2026)",
   "summary": "Changes the mental state for every form of breach of privacy, including interception, eavesdropping, and recording, from knowingly to intentionally (K.S.A. 21-6101(a)), rewrites the recording offense to cover any device or software used to record or view a person’s nude body or undergarments, and raises penalties when the victim is a minor.",
   "forLicensees": "Recording offenses now require proof of intent.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 2479",
     "url": "https://www.kslegislature.gov/b2025_26/bills/HB2479/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Kansas",
   "id": "hb-2183",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/kansas#hb-2183",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "No deference to agency interpretations",
   "type": "HB 2183 (2026)",
   "summary": "A state court or administrative hearing officer may consider, but may not defer to, a state agency’s interpretation of a statute or regulation.",
   "forLicensees": "In a license denial or discipline hearing, the Attorney General’s reading of the Act gets no deference.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 2183",
     "url": "https://www.kslegislature.gov/b2025_26/bills/HB2183/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "ch-874-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maryland#ch-874-2026",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Motor vehicle records and immigration enforcement; privacy law exemptions narrowed",
   "type": "Chapter 874 of 2026 (HB 711)",
   "summary": "General Provisions 4-320(g)(2) now bars any recipient of Motor Vehicle Administration personal information, which includes licensed private detective agencies under 4-320(f)(3), from disclosing it to any person or government agency for immigration enforcement without a valid warrant. Before, the bar reached only disclosures to federal agents and agencies. Records custodians must also take reasonable steps to determine whether a requester seeks records for immigration enforcement (4-320.1). The chapter also amends the Online Data Privacy Act: the Driver’s Privacy Protection Act exemption now covers data handled “as required by” that Act rather than “in compliance with” it (Com. Law 14-4703(b)(8)); data from government records counts as publicly available only if the person follows each restriction or term of use the agency imposes (14-4701(cc)); precise geolocation data includes the location of a mobile device or vehicle (14-4701(x)); sensitive data includes inferred data; and a controller may not knowingly sell personal data to a government unit that engaged in or supported civil immigration enforcement in the prior 6 months (14-4707(a)(6)).",
   "forLicensees": "Motor vehicle records received as a licensed agency may not be passed to anyone for immigration enforcement without a valid warrant, and the privacy law’s exemptions for driver records and government-sourced public data are narrower.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 874",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2026RS/Chapters_noln/CH_874_hb0711t.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Massachusetts",
   "id": "dna-sol",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/massachusetts#dna-sol",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "No time limit for rape charges when DNA identifies the suspect late",
   "type": "St. 2026, c. 137, sec. 89 (fiscal 2027 budget)",
   "summary": "A new paragraph in G.L. c. 277, sec. 63 says an indictment or complaint for an offense under sections 22 to 23B of chapter 265 “may be found and filed at any time” if the person was identified after the limitation period and the identity “has been established through a DNA analysis, as defined in section 1 of chapter 22E, using evidence collected at the time of the commission of the offense.” Every other offense in that range, sections 22A to 23B, already had no time limit. The change matters most for rape under section 22, which otherwise has a 15-year limit.",
   "forPractitioners": "In a late rape charge, check that the identification came from a DNA analysis of evidence collected at the time of the offense.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "St. 2026, c. 137",
     "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2026/Chapter137"
    },
    {
     "label": "G.L. c. 277, sec. 63",
     "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIV/TitleII/Chapter277/Section63"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Massachusetts",
   "id": "kit-retention",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/massachusetts#kit-retention",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Sexual assault kits kept for at least 15 years",
   "type": "St. 2026, c. 137, sec. 50 (fiscal 2027 budget)",
   "summary": "The act rewrote G.L. c. 41, sec. 97B½. Two things are new: all sexual assault evidence kits “shall be retained for at least 15 years,” and labs must test kits within 30 days “notwithstanding the statute of limitations on the underlying offense.” The 30-day testing duty, entry of DNA profiles into CODIS and the state database, and entry into the kit tracking system were already law under St. 2018, c. 69.",
   "forPractitioners": "A kit should still exist for at least 15 years, and an expired limitation period is no reason to skip testing.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "St. 2026, c. 137",
     "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2026/Chapter137"
    },
    {
     "label": "St. 2018, c. 69",
     "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2018/Chapter69"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Mississippi",
   "id": "sb-2314",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/mississippi#sb-2314",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Driver records limited to DPPA permissible uses",
   "type": "SB 2314 (2026)",
   "summary": "Adds Miss. Code 63-1-45(4): driver records, certified driver records, and motor vehicle reports are available only for the permissible uses in the federal Driver’s Privacy Protection Act, and the Department of Public Safety must establish how they may be obtained.",
   "forLicensees": "Mississippi issues no investigator license, so requests must rest on another permissible use, such as litigation or insurance.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 2314",
     "url": "https://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2026/html/SB/2300-2399/SB2314SG.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Mexico",
   "id": "sb-40",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-mexico#sb-40",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Limits on sharing license plate reader data",
   "type": "SB 40 (2026), Laws 2026, ch. 20, Driver Privacy and Safety Act",
   "summary": "A person or entity that owns, operates, or has access to automated license plate reader information may not sell, share, or make it available to anyone other than law enforcement, except its own vendor (sec. 3(C)), and privately captured data may be released only with the private entity’s express consent or under a court order (sec. 3(E)). An intentional violation carries a civil penalty of $10,000 or actual damages, whichever is greater. The law covers readers capable of comparing plate data against law enforcement databases, including privately owned ones.",
   "forLicensees": "Check vendor terms before relying on plate-reader results for New Mexico subjects.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 40",
     "url": "https://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/26%20Regular/final/SB0040.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "commission-rename",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/north-carolina#commission-rename",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Innocence Inquiry Commission renamed the Postconviction Review Commission",
   "type": "S.L. 2026-41 (S.B. 257), s. 16.10",
   "summary": "The act rewrote Article 92 of Chapter 15A to rename the North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission the North Carolina Postconviction Review Commission. It made matching changes in G.S. 15A-268, 15A-1411, 15A-1417, 15A-1418, 132-1.4, and 143-318.18. The section changes only the name, not the Commission’s procedures. The statute pages on the Legislature’s website had not caught up as of October 19, 2026.",
   "forPractitioners": "Use the new name in filings; the claim process is the same.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2026-41",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2025-2026/SL2026-41.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "lab-study",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/north-carolina#lab-study",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Eastern regional crime lab study money redirected",
   "type": "S.L. 2026-41 (S.B. 257), s. 18.2",
   "summary": "The Department of Justice must transfer any unspent money from the S.L. 2021-180, s. 18.9 study to the Department of Adult Correction to replace high-mileage vehicles. That 2021 section provided up to $1.5 million for a study, with Elizabeth City State University, on siting an Eastern Regional Laboratory.",
   "forPractitioners": "No new regional lab is in the works under this funding.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2026-41",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2025-2026/SL2026-41.html"
    },
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2021-180",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2021-2022/SL2021-180.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Dakota",
   "id": "renewal-letter-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-dakota#renewal-letter-2026",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "2026 renewal letter; late fee differs from the statute",
   "type": "Board letter",
   "summary": "All licenses and registrations expire September 30, 2026, and the Board asked for renewals by September 1. The letter lists a $100 monthly late fee for investigator licenses, while N.D.C.C. 43-30-16 sets $75 a month. Errors and omissions coverage must appear on the insurance certificate.",
   "forLicensees": "The statute sets the late fee at $75 a month.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Renewal letter",
     "url": "https://www.pisb.nd.gov/sites/default/files/documents/forms/ND%20PISB%202026%20Renewal%20Letter%20to%20License%20Holders.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Oklahoma",
   "id": "sb-1859",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/oklahoma#sb-1859",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "OSBI Cyber Crime and Fraud Unit to provide digital forensics",
   "type": "SB 1859 (2026)",
   "summary": "New 74 O.S. 150.19c creates a Cyber Crime and Fraud Unit inside the OSBI. It must “Provide digital forensics, technical assistance, and analytical support” to OSBI agents and requesting agencies, and keep staff that include “forensic examiners.” It does not expand OSBI jurisdiction. The act creates a revolving fund made up of money the OSBI receives for it. It sets no standards for digital forensic work, and digital evidence stays outside the accreditation mandate.",
   "forPractitioners": "Digital forensic results from this unit come from a lab function the accreditation statute does not cover.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1859",
     "url": "https://www.oklegislature.gov/cf_pdf/2025-26%20ENR/SB/SB1859%20ENR.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "South Dakota",
   "id": "hb-1298",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/south-dakota#hb-1298",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Felony to publish an officer’s home address with intent to cause fear",
   "type": "HB 1298 (2026), SL 2026 ch 98",
   "summary": "Makes it a Class 6 felony to publish electronically the home address, date of birth, or Social Security number of a judicial or law enforcement officer without the officer’s consent and with intent to place the officer or family in reasonable fear of death or great bodily injury (new section in SDCL chapter 22-11).",
   "forLicensees": "Both elements are required, but posting officer identifiers online carries high risk.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 1298",
     "url": "https://sdlegislature.gov/Session/Bill/27282"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "South Dakota",
   "id": "sb-41",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/south-dakota#sb-41",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Invasion-of-privacy recording crime rewritten",
   "type": "SB 41 (2026), SL 2026 ch 104",
   "summary": "Amends SDCL 22-21-4, which already made it a crime to photograph or record a person nude, under or through clothing, or in a sexual act. The act removes the element that the victim be in circumstances with a reasonable expectation of privacy, broadens the intent element to include intent to alarm, annoy, or cause harm, and makes creating digitally fabricated sexual images of an identifiable person a Class 5 felony.",
   "forLicensees": "Location no longer matters; never record or keep such images.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 41",
     "url": "https://sdlegislature.gov/Session/Bill/26753"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "South Dakota",
   "id": "hb-1084",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/south-dakota#hb-1084",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Judges’ and officers’ contact details withheld from voter files",
   "type": "HB 1084 (2026), SL 2026 ch 64",
   "summary": "Makes the home address, personal phone, and personal email of current or retired judges and law enforcement officers non-public in voter registration files (SDCL 12-4-9.3); previously only judges’ home addresses were withheld.",
   "forLicensees": "Voter file pulls will not show these details.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 1084",
     "url": "https://sdlegislature.gov/Session/Bill/26820"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "South Dakota",
   "id": "voter-file",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/south-dakota#voter-file",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Statewide voter file posted weekly; commercial use still barred",
   "type": "HB 1062 (2025), SL 2025 ch 60; SB 214 (2026), SL 2026 ch 66",
   "summary": "Requires the Secretary of State to post the complete statewide voter registration file every week, with a free five-year archive (SDCL 12-4-37, 12-4-37.1). Voter-file information still may not be used for any commercial purpose, a Class 1 misdemeanor (12-4-41).",
   "forLicensees": "Using the voter file for paid investigative work may be a commercial purpose.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SDCL 12-4-41",
     "url": "https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/12-4-41.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "South Dakota",
   "id": "sb-11",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/south-dakota#sb-11",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Driving record abstract fee rises to $7",
   "type": "SB 11 (2026), SL 2026 ch 140",
   "summary": "Raises the fee for a certified three-year driving record abstract from $5 to $7 (SDCL 32-35-101).",
   "forLicensees": "Federal Driver’s Privacy Protection Act limits on personal information still apply.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 11",
     "url": "https://sdlegislature.gov/Session/Bill/26702"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "South Dakota",
   "id": "sb-49",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/south-dakota#sb-49",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Genetic data privacy",
   "type": "SB 49 (2026), SL 2026 ch 164",
   "summary": "Requires direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies to obtain separate express consent, naming the recipient, for each transfer of a consumer’s genetic data to anyone other than vendors and service providers, and to honor deletion requests (SDCL chapter 37-24).",
   "forLicensees": "The exemption for forensic laboratories covers law enforcement work, not private investigations.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 49",
     "url": "https://sdlegislature.gov/Session/Bill/26832"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "South Dakota",
   "id": "hb-1280",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/south-dakota#hb-1280",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Drone over a prison, jail, or military facility becomes a felony",
   "type": "HB 1280 (2026), SL 2026 ch 192",
   "summary": "Raises operating a drone over correctional or military grounds without authorization from a Class 1 misdemeanor to a Class 6 felony (SDCL 50-15-3).",
   "forLicensees": "Plan drone routes away from those grounds.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 1280",
     "url": "https://sdlegislature.gov/Session/Bill/27255"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Tennessee",
   "id": "pc-1039",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/tennessee#pc-1039",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Polygraph licensing repealed; advisory committee recomposed",
   "type": "2026 Public Chapter 1039 (HB 2530)",
   "summary": "Repeals the Polygraph Examiners Act (Title 62, Chapter 27). Rewrites 62-35-143 so the Detection Services Licensing Program covers private investigators, private security, and alarm contractors. If the commissioner creates the advisory committee, it must have ten members: three each from alarm, private investigation, and private security, and one public member.",
   "forLicensees": "Tennessee no longer licenses polygraph examiners, and an advisory committee, if created, includes three private investigation members.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Chapter 1039",
     "url": "https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/114/pub/pc1039.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Tennessee",
   "id": "pc-1081",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/tennessee#pc-1081",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Military Families Licensing Recognition Act",
   "type": "2026 Public Chapter 1081 (SB 1692)",
   "summary": "Creates Title 58, Chapter 10, requiring recognition of an out-of-state license held by a servicemember or spouse who relocates to Tennessee on military orders. Its definition of a licensing authority names boards, commissions, councils, and committees, so whether it reaches the commissioner-run private investigator program has not been confirmed.",
   "forLicensees": "Whether private investigator licenses are covered has not been confirmed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Chapter 1081",
     "url": "https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/114/pub/pc1081.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Vermont",
   "id": "act-89",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/vermont#act-89",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Voyeurism statute rewritten; investigator exemption kept",
   "type": "Act 89 (2026), H.626",
   "summary": "Rewrites 13 V.S.A. 2605 into separate offenses for unlawful viewing, recording, and home surveillance without consent, keeps the up-to-5-year penalty for disclosing an unlawfully recorded image, and adds a civil cause of action for that disclosure and higher penalties when the victim is under 18. Bona fide private investigators remain exempt from the home surveillance offense for otherwise lawful work, and keep an affirmative defense for unintentional, incidental viewing or recording during legal surveillance, but not for disclosure.",
   "forLicensees": "Never share an image of intimate areas or sexual conduct captured during surveillance.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 89",
     "url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2026/Docs/ACTS/ACT089/ACT089%20As%20Enacted.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Vermont",
   "id": "act-135",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/vermont#act-135",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Genetic data privacy for consumer testing companies",
   "type": "Act 135 (2026), H.639",
   "summary": "Requires direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies to get a consumer’s separate express consent before disclosing genetic data to a third party, naming the recipient and purpose, and to honor revocation and deletion requests (9 V.S.A. 2421a to 2421d).",
   "forLicensees": "Genetic genealogy data depends on the consumer’s consent.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 135",
     "url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2026/Docs/ACTS/ACT135/ACT135%20As%20Enacted.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Virginia",
   "id": "c1131-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/virginia#c1131-2026",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Officers, including federal officers, barred from facial coverings on duty and required to display a name or ID and their agency",
   "type": "2026 Acts chs. 1131 (HB 1482) and 1132 (SB 352), identical: new Va. Code 19.2-83.6:2; 9.1-102 and 18.2-422 amended. Also 2026 Sp. Sess. I ch. 1 (HB 30, the budget), Item 391.L",
   "summary": "The acts numbered the new section 19.2-83.6:1. The Code publishes it as 19.2-83.6:2, because 19.2-83.6:1 is now the duty to render aid (2026 ch. 583). Under it, “no law-enforcement officer shall” wear a facial covering that conceals, obscures, or covers the face while performing official duties. This covers Virginia officers under 9.1-101 and “any full-time or part-time employee of a federal law-enforcement agency.” A facial covering is an opaque mask, garment, helmet, or headgear that hides a substantial part of the face to conceal identity, such as a balaclava, tactical mask, gaiter, or ski mask. Exceptions: clear shields or masks that do not conceal identity; N95 or surgical masks; protection from toxins, smoke, or severe weather; underwater gear; motorcycle helmets, or other coverings when agency policy allows, while using a vehicle that requires a helmet, lowered or removed before engaging a person; laser-protective eyewear; SWAT or tactical teams on tactical duty; and undercover, drug, gang, or surveillance units where the agency decides identity protection is necessary.",
   "forOfficers": "On duty in Virginia, display your name or ID and your agency unless the budget exemption covers your unit, and check whether your agency has a written facial-covering policy.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Va. Code 19.2-83.6:2",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/19.2-83.6:2/"
    },
    {
     "label": "2026 Acts ch. 1131",
     "url": "https://lis.virginia.gov/bill-details/20261/HB1482/text/CHAP1131"
    },
    {
     "label": "2026 Sp. Sess. I ch. 1, Item 391",
     "url": "https://budget.lis.virginia.gov/item/2026/2/HB30/Chapter/1/391/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Virginia",
   "id": "frt-sunset",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/virginia#frt-sunset",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Facial recognition law expires; local and campus police ban returns",
   "type": "2022 Acts ch. 737 (SB 741), enactment clause 3",
   "summary": "The 2022 act that authorized and limited police use of facial recognition expired on July 1, 2026, and no extension was enacted. Va. Code 15.2-1723.2 and 23.1-815.1 reverted to their 2021 text: no local law enforcement agency or campus police department may buy or deploy facial recognition technology unless a statute expressly authorizes it, and a statute that does not refer to the technology does not count. Va. Code 52-4.5, which set authorized uses and a model policy for the State Police, has no version in force after July 1, 2026.",
   "forPractitioners": "A facial recognition lead from a local or campus police agency after June 30, 2026 needs a statute that expressly authorizes it.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Va. Code 15.2-1723.2",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/15.2-1723.2/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Va. Code 23.1-815.1",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/23.1-815.1/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Va. Code 52-4.5",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/52-4.5/"
    },
    {
     "label": "2022 Acts ch. 737",
     "url": "https://legacylis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?221+ful+CHAP0737"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Virginia",
   "id": "sealing-dna",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/virginia#sealing-dna",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "New sealing path does not expunge DNA profiles",
   "type": "HB 2723 (2025 Acts ch. 671); SB 1466 (2025 Acts ch. 634)",
   "summary": "Va. Code 19.2-310.7(B) now says a sealing order under the new 19.2-392.12:1, like orders under 19.2-392.7 and 19.2-392.12, is not grounds to expunge a person’s DNA profile from the data bank. This is one small part of a large record sealing act.",
   "forPractitioners": "A sealed record does not take the person’s profile out of the data bank.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 2723",
     "url": "https://lis.virginia.gov/bill-details/20251/HB2723/text/CHAP0671"
    },
    {
     "label": "SB 1466",
     "url": "https://lis.virginia.gov/bill-details/20251/SB1466/text/CHAP0634"
    },
    {
     "label": "Va. Code 19.2-310.7",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/19.2-310.7/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Wyoming",
   "id": "hb-96",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/wyoming#hb-96",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Concealed carry age lowered to 18",
   "type": "HB 96 (2026), ch. 87",
   "summary": "Lowers the age in W.S. 6-8-104(b)(ii) from 21 to 18. Because permitless carry requires meeting that qualification, the permitless concealed carry age also falls to 18.",
   "forLicensees": "Otherwise qualified investigators aged 18 to 20 may carry concealed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 96",
     "url": "https://wyoleg.gov/2026/Enroll/HB0096.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Wyoming",
   "id": "hb-102",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/wyoming#hb-102",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Felony to distribute nonconsensual AI-generated sexual images",
   "type": "HB 102 (2026), ch. 91",
   "summary": "Makes it a felony, punishable by up to 10 years, to knowingly distribute synthetic sexual material realistically depicting an identifiable person without consent where the distribution causes or is intended to cause harm, or to threaten to distribute it to obtain a benefit (W.S. 6-4-307).",
   "forLicensees": "Never use or share such material as leverage.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 102",
     "url": "https://wyoleg.gov/2026/Enroll/HB0102.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Wyoming",
   "id": "hb-8",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/wyoming#hb-8",
   "date": "2026-07-01",
   "title": "Stalking a minor becomes felony stalking",
   "type": "HB 8 (2026), ch. 37",
   "summary": "Makes stalking a felony punishable by up to 10 years when committed against a minor by someone at least 18 (W.S. 6-2-506(e)(v)). The existing electronic surveillance prong of stalking, added in 2022, is unchanged.",
   "forLicensees": "In custody and runaway cases, get documented authorization from a parent or guardian with legal authority.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 8",
     "url": "https://wyoleg.gov/2026/Enroll/HB0008.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "pl-2026-c25",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-jersey#pl-2026-c25",
   "date": "2026-06-30",
   "title": "Data broker law with no investigator exemption",
   "type": "P.L.2026, c.25 (A5328)",
   "summary": "A data broker collects or buys personal data about consumers it has no direct relationship with and sells or licenses it to a third party; a data collector gathers data from consumers it deals with and sells it to data brokers (N.J.S.A. 56:8-166.20). Each must register with the Division of Consumer Affairs every year, paying from $5,000 to $1,500,000 depending on how many New Jersey consumers’ data it holds. No data broker or data collector may sell or license sensitive data, which includes precise geolocation (56:8-166.22), with penalties of $2,500 a day for failing to register and $50,000 per sensitive-data record sold. Publicly available information is excluded, and the exemptions do not name private detectives.",
   "forLicensees": "An investigator who buys personal data about people it has no direct relationship with and resells or licenses it can meet the data broker definition, and many of the data vendors investigators buy from can be covered, subject to the act’s exemptions (for example, data governed by the FCRA or GLBA, and Motor Vehicle Commission data released under the DPPA).",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L.2026, c.25",
     "url": "https://pub.njleg.gov/Bills/2026/PL26/25_.HTM"
    },
    {
     "label": "A5328",
     "url": "https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/bill-search/2026/A5328"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "New York",
   "id": "ch55-2026-face-coverings",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/new-york#ch55-2026-face-coverings",
   "date": "2026-06-26",
   "title": "Officers barred from face coverings; visible ID required",
   "type": "L. 2026, ch. 55, Part LL, Subpart F (A.10005-C/S.9005-C)",
   "summary": "New Civil Rights Law article 10 (sections 100 to 102) bars police officers, peace officers, and federal law enforcement officers from wearing a face covering that conceals their identity while interacting with the public on duty. Items that are not face coverings include clear face shields, medical masks, protective gear against smoke or other hazards, ballistic gear, religious garments, and masks for active undercover operations. Uniformed officers must visibly display their agency’s name and at least one identifier, such as a name, badge number, or shield number. Officers not in uniform must wear a visible agency identifier. The ID rule does not apply to undercover work, covert surveillance, investigations that identification would compromise, some protective details, or medical and emergency protective equipment. A willful violation is a violation for a first offense and a misdemeanor after that. The former article 10 was renumbered article 15. Challenges to the law’s coverage of federal officers were not checked for this page.",
   "forOfficers": "Keep your agency name and an identifier visible, and wear a face covering with the public only if a listed exception applies.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "A.10005-C, chapter 55 of 2026",
     "url": "https://nyassembly.gov/leg/?default_fld=&leg_video=&bn=A10005&term=2025&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Text=Y"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Rhode Island",
   "id": "pl-2026-261",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/rhode-island#pl-2026-261",
   "date": "2026-06-26",
   "title": "Process service fee set at $70",
   "type": "P.L. 2026, ch. 261",
   "summary": "Makes the fee of deputy sheriffs, town sergeants, and constables for serving writs, citations, and subpoenas a fixed $70 rather than a maximum (R.I. Gen. Laws 9-29-9(b)). P.L. 2025, ch. 83, effective June 18, 2025, had raised the maximum from $45 to $70.",
   "forLicensees": "Budget $70 per service by a sheriff or constable.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L. 2026, ch. 261",
     "url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/PublicLaws/law26/law26261.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "P.L. 2025, ch. 83",
     "url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/PublicLaws/law25/law25083.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Hawaii",
   "id": "wolford",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/hawaii#wolford",
   "date": "2026-06-25",
   "title": "Supreme Court strikes the default ban on carry onto private property open to the public",
   "type": "Wolford v. Lopez, No. 24-1046 (U.S.)",
   "summary": "Held that HRS 134-9.5, which bars carry license holders from carrying handguns onto private property of another without the express authorization of the owner, lessee, operator, or manager, violates the Second and Fourteenth Amendments as applied to private property open to the public. The Court decided only that question.",
   "forLicensees": "Owners may still exclude armed people, and the sensitive-place limits in HRS 134-9.1 and the written authorization rule in HAR 16-97-17 were not before the Court.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Opinion",
     "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1046_nmio.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Rhode Island",
   "id": "pl-2026-412",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/rhode-island#pl-2026-412",
   "date": "2026-06-23",
   "title": "Impersonation and digital forgery become felony identity fraud",
   "type": "P.L. 2026, chs. 412 and 413",
   "summary": "Adds to felony identity fraud knowingly impersonating a person or entity, living or dead, with intent to defraud or injure, and knowingly generating or distributing a forged digital likeness, such as an AI-generated image or voice of an identifiable person, as genuine to facilitate fraud (R.I. Gen. Laws 11-49.1-3(a)(7)-(8)). Exceptions cover constitutionally protected activity, law enforcement officers performing official duties, technology providers, and activity otherwise protected by state or federal law; there is no exception for private detectives.",
   "forLicensees": "A pretext that impersonates a real person or business with intent to defraud or injure can be charged as felony identity fraud.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L. 2026, ch. 412",
     "url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/PublicLaws/law26/law26412.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "P.L. 2026, ch. 413",
     "url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/PublicLaws/law26/law26413.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Rhode Island",
   "id": "pl-2026-222",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/rhode-island#pl-2026-222",
   "date": "2026-06-19",
   "title": "Genetic Information Privacy Act",
   "type": "P.L. 2026, ch. 222",
   "summary": "New chapter 6-63 requires direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies to obtain express consent, honor revocation of consent, destroy samples within 30 days after consent to store them is revoked, and secure genetic data.",
   "forLicensees": "Genetic genealogy data depends on the consumer’s express consent to the testing company.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L. 2026, ch. 222",
     "url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/PublicLaws/law26/law26222.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "sb-156",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/florida#sb-156",
   "date": "2026-06-16",
   "title": "Resisting-arrest statute rewritten; officer-force limit deleted",
   "type": "CS/SB 156 (2026), ch. 2026-144",
   "summary": "F.S. 776.051 now bars a person from using or threatening force to resist an arrest, a detention, or an officer performing official duties as described in 943.10(1), if the officer acted in good faith. The good-faith condition already existed; the act adds a definition of good faith as sincere and reasonable efforts to follow the law, even if the act is later found unlawful, and adds detention and replaces “execution of a legal duty” with official duties as described in 943.10(1). Former subsection (2), which said an officer, or a person the officer summoned to assist, is not justified in using force if the arrest or execution of a legal duty is unlawful and known to be unlawful, is deleted. The act also raises penalties for offenses against officers.",
   "forOfficers": "The statute no longer says force is unjustified for an arrest you know is unlawful; check your agency’s use-of-force policy before relying on the change.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 2026-144",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/2026/144"
    },
    {
     "label": "F.S. 776.051",
     "url": "https://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0700-0799/0776/Sections/0776.051.html&StatuteYear=2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "hb-2637",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/missouri#hb-2637",
   "date": "2026-06-12",
   "title": "New crime of tracking a vehicle without the owners’ consent, with no exception for investigators",
   "type": "House Bills 2637 & 3155, 103rd General Assembly",
   "summary": "Enacted RSMo 565.260. A person commits unlawful tracking of a motor vehicle by knowingly installing, concealing, or placing an electronic tracking device in or on a motor vehicle without the consent of all owners of the vehicle, for the purpose of monitoring or following its occupants. The listed exceptions cover law enforcement in a criminal investigation, a parent or guardian who owns or leases the vehicle and monitors a minor child, tracking stolen goods or a stolen vehicle, a legally authorized representative of a vulnerable adult, anyone with the consent of all owners, rental, sharing, and leasing companies, lienholders repossessing a vehicle, and voluntary usage-based insurance programs. There is no exception for licensed private investigators. A first offense is a class A misdemeanor; a second or later offense is a class E felony.",
   "forLicensees": "From July 1, 2027, do not place a GPS tracker on a vehicle without the consent of every owner. A client’s business purpose is not an exception.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "RSMo 565.260",
     "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=565.260"
    },
    {
     "label": "Truly agreed text",
     "url": "https://documents.house.mo.gov/billtracking/bills261/hlrbillspdf/6162H.09T.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Governor’s action",
     "url": "https://governor.mo.gov/legislation/hb-2637"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "West Virginia",
   "id": "hb-4106",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/west-virginia#hb-4106",
   "date": "2026-06-12",
   "title": "Permitless concealed carry extended to ages 18 to 20",
   "type": "HB 4106 (2026)",
   "summary": "Allows a person at least 18 who is a U.S. citizen or legal resident and is not prohibited from possessing firearms to carry a concealed deadly weapon without a license (W. Va. Code 61-7-7(c)); permitless carry for those 21 and older already existed.",
   "forLicensees": "An investigator license still does not itself authorize carry.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 4106",
     "url": "https://www.wvlegislature.gov/Bill_Status/Bills_history.cfm?input=4106&year=2026&sessiontype=RS&btype=bill"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "West Virginia",
   "id": "hb-5528",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/west-virginia#hb-5528",
   "date": "2026-06-12",
   "title": "Public officials may have home addresses removed from government websites",
   "type": "HB 5528 (2026), new W. Va. Code 5A-8-24a",
   "summary": "Lets current or former judicial officers, prosecutors, public defenders, law enforcement officers, elected officials, campaign treasurers, and their household family members ask a state or local agency to remove or redact their home address and personal phone from a publicly accessible website or database. Exceptions include recorded title documents, disclosures to consumer reporting agencies, title insurers, attorneys, and real estate brokers, disclosures required under the motor vehicle records statute, and disclosures under subpoena. It binds government agencies, not private parties.",
   "forLicensees": "Expect redacted addresses in some online government records.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "W. Va. Code 5A-8-24a",
     "url": "https://code.wvlegislature.gov/5A-8-24a/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "hb-2632",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/washington#hb-2632",
   "date": "2026-06-11",
   "title": "“Resident alien” becomes “resident noncitizen”",
   "type": "HB 2632, 2026 c 36 s 22",
   "summary": "Changes the term in RCW 18.165.030(2), so an applicant must be a citizen or resident noncitizen of the United States. It is the only amendment to chapter 18.165 RCW from 2023 through October 2026.",
   "forLicensees": "The requirement is unchanged in substance.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2026 c 36",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2025-26/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/2632.SL.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "eshb-2508",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#eshb-2508",
   "date": "2026-06-11",
   "title": "Independent investigations cover any death after police force; files confidential until referral",
   "type": "ESHB 2508, Laws of 2026, ch. 174",
   "summary": "The Office of Independent Investigations now has jurisdiction over deadly force and over “any death that occurs during or after any other use of force by an involved officer if the use of force may have caused or contributed” to the death. Covered agencies now include jails and detention facilities, and notice rules are revised. The office’s investigative records are confidential and exempt from the Public Records Act until referral to a prosecutor for a charging decision, and noninvestigative records that implicate privacy are exempt.",
   "forOfficers": "A death after any use of force, not only deadly force, can bring an independent investigation.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws of 2026, ch. 174",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2025-26/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/2508-S.SL.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "wrongly-convicted",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/washington#wrongly-convicted",
   "date": "2026-06-11",
   "title": "Wrongly Convicted Persons Act broadened",
   "type": "2026 c 224 (SSB 5520)",
   "summary": "New RCW 4.100.015 defines “actually innocent” and other terms, judged on a preponderance of the evidence. An agent may now file for a claimant who is dead, incapacitated, a minor, or out of state. Qualifying events now include a pardon, commutation, or reprieve on grounds consistent with innocence, and a reversal or vacatur after significant new exculpatory information followed by dismissal, an Alford or Newton plea, or a retrial without conviction. The claimant must show they did not commit the charged acts and did not commit perjury or fabricate evidence; a false or illegally obtained confession or a guilty plea is not fabricated evidence. Confinement includes civil detention. Vacaturs under Blake or Andress alone do not qualify. The attorney general must concede when the criteria are met, but may instead ask for an evidentiary hearing if the vacatur came without one or the new information is a recantation with no judicial finding of credibility.",
   "forPractitioners": "After a forensic-based vacatur and dismissal, check the new qualifying events before filing. The DNA testing motion did not change.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2026 c 224",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2025-26/Htm/Bills/Session%20Laws/Senate/5520-S.SL.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "Chapter 4.100 RCW",
     "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=4.100&full=true"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Vermont",
   "id": "act-119",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/vermont#act-119",
   "date": "2026-06-08",
   "title": "License rescission process",
   "type": "Act 119 (2026), H.588",
   "summary": "Lets the Office of Professional Regulation rescind a license issued by administrative mistake or for which the application fee was not paid, with notice and an opportunity for review or a hearing; a rescission is not recorded as discipline (3 V.S.A. 129c).",
   "forLicensees": "Make sure application fees clear.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 119",
     "url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2026/Docs/ACTS/ACT119/ACT119%20As%20Enacted.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oregon",
   "id": "sb-1587",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oregon#sb-1587",
   "date": "2026-06-05",
   "title": "Public bodies need an immigration attestation from data brokers",
   "type": "SB 1587, Oregon Laws 2026 chapter 96",
   "summary": "An Oregon public body may not disclose personally identifiable information to a data broker unless the broker first attests in writing that the information will not be sold or transferred to any entity that will use it to enforce federal immigration law, and the public body must reject an attestation it reasonably believes contains material misrepresentations, falsehoods, or omissions. Disclosures required by the public records law or a court order, and information available to the general public disclosed on the same terms, are not restricted.",
   "forLicensees": "An investigator business that is a data broker under ORS 646A.593 must give the attestation to obtain such information from a public body outside those exceptions.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2026 c.96",
     "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2026orLaw0096.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb26-1276",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#hb26-1276",
   "date": "2026-06-04",
   "title": "Training on Colorado’s civil immigration detainer law",
   "type": "HB26-1276, Ch. 371, Session Laws 2026",
   "summary": "P.O.S.T. “shall” set training standards on officer compliance with C.R.S. 24-76.6-102 (new 24-31-303(1)(v)). Officers certified as of July 1, 2026 “shall” complete the training before December 31, 2027. That deadline provision repeals July 1, 2028; the standards duty stays.",
   "forOfficers": "Finish the immigration detainer training by the end of 2027.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB26-1276",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB26-1276/371/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "sb26-190",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#sb26-190",
   "date": "2026-06-03",
   "title": "Deaths from police force: family video rights, family notice, and limits on officer statements",
   "type": "SB26-190, Ch. 337, Session Laws 2026",
   "summary": "For a use of force causing death, within 21 days the agency “shall” make reasonable efforts to find the decedent’s immediate family and give them the recordings, unless they decline. If there is a misconduct complaint arising from the death, it then “shall” release the recordings to any requester after that 21-day period. When all investigations and any criminal case are complete, the recordings “shall” go to the family on request. For complaints not involving a death, the existing 21-day release rule now sends recordings “to the person who made the request” rather than “to the public” (C.R.S. 24-31-902(2)). The act re-enacts 16-2.5 Part 3. The duty to keep multi-agency investigation protocols for officer shootings and deaths dates from 2015 and is carried over. New: the family must be notified within 24 hours after the scene is cleared. New 16-2.5-303 bars investigating officers from prejudicial public statements and requires disclaimers on edited briefing videos.",
   "forOfficers": "If you are investigating a use-of-force death, do not make public statements that could prejudice the case.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB26-190",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/SB26-190/337/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Alabama",
   "id": "act-2026-135",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/alabama#act-2026-135",
   "date": "2026-06-01",
   "title": "Board continued to October 1, 2028",
   "type": "Act 2026-135 (SB126)",
   "summary": "Under the Alabama Sunset Law, continues the Private Investigation Board until October 1, 2028, without changing licensing requirements. An earlier act, Act 2024-140 (SB118, effective June 1, 2024), had continued the Board to October 1, 2026.",
   "forLicensees": "The act continues the Board until October 1, 2028, when it faces sunset review again, and does not change licensing requirements.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 2026-135",
     "url": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/files/pdf/SearchableInstruments/2026RS/SB126-enr.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Act 2024-140",
     "url": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/files/pdf/SearchableInstruments/2024RS/SB118-enr.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "rules-217-1-211-30",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#rules-217-1-211-30",
   "date": "2026-06-01",
   "title": "Military provisional license; misdemeanor waivers widened",
   "type": "37 TAC 217.1 and 211.30 (amended)",
   "summary": "Rule 217.1 grants a 180-day provisional license to military members, veterans, and spouses who are licensed in good standing in another state or whose TCOLE license went inactive within the last 5 years, implementing SB 1818 (2025) and Occ. Code 55.004. Rule 211.30 now allows waiver requests for disqualifying Class C misdemeanors; the 2025 amendment required waiver packets to include the personal history statement and background investigation report.",
   "forOfficers": "Military applicants licensed in another state can work on a provisional license while the full application is processed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule 217.1",
     "url": "https://www.tcole.texas.gov/document/adopted-rule-217-1-amended-20260601.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Rule 211.30 (2026)",
     "url": "https://www.tcole.texas.gov/document/adopted-rule-211-30-amended-20260601.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Rule 211.30 (2025)",
     "url": "https://www.tcole.texas.gov/document/adopted-rule-21130-amended.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "oac-109-2-1-12",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/ohio#oac-109-2-1-12",
   "date": "2026-05-29",
   "title": "Re-entry and out-of-state rule rewritten: refresher before duty, no repeat academy, military exemption dropped",
   "type": "OAC 109:2-1-12 (rule), carrying out SB 131 and HB 96",
   "summary": "Under the old rule, an officer out of service for 1 to 4 years had a year after re-appointment to finish a refresher course and could work in the meantime. An officer out more than 4 years had to complete the full basic course again. Now a gap of more than 1 year but less than 4 needs up to 40 hours of refresher training, and a gap of more than 4 years needs 80 hours. The officer may be appointed but may not carry a firearm or perform peace-officer functions until the executive director verifies completion. The rule drops the old exemption for National Guard members and reservists returning from mobilization, and the old 90- to 180-day extension procedure. It also sets out certification by endorsement under SB 131 (see below) and adds a path for current and former State Highway Patrol troopers who completed the Patrol academy. Each certification path in paragraph (B) requires passing the state certification exam, though former troopers already serving as peace officers may be reappointed without it.",
   "forOfficers": "If you have been out of service for more than a year, finish the refresher before you carry a firearm or work.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "OAC 109:2-1-12",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-109:2-1-12"
    },
    {
     "label": "Rule filing showing changes",
     "url": "https://www.registerofohio.state.oh.us/pdfs/109/2/1/109$2-1-12_PH_OF_A_RU_20260312_1514.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb26-1123",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#hb26-1123",
   "date": "2026-05-27",
   "title": "Permanent revocation for sexual abuse of people in jail custody",
   "type": "HB26-1123, Ch. 159, Session Laws 2026",
   "summary": "New mandatory ground in C.R.S. 24-31-904(1)(a)(VI): P.O.S.T. “shall” permanently revoke if an administrative law judge, hearing officer, or internal investigation finds the officer committed sexual assault, unlawful sexual contact, or invasion of privacy for sexual gratification against a person in a county or municipal jail. The act also requires body-camera tagging of jail strip searches and yearly sheriff reports to the Division of Criminal Justice. Those reporting duties end in 2031.",
   "forOfficers": "An internal finding of sexual misconduct against someone in jail now ends your certification permanently.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB26-1123",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB26-1123/159/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Indiana",
   "id": "lsa-26-152",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/indiana#lsa-26-152",
   "date": "2026-05-27",
   "title": "Proposed $50 late renewal fee",
   "type": "Proposed rule",
   "summary": "Would amend 874 IAC 2-1-1 to add a $50 late renewal fee for private investigator firms and security guard agencies. Public hearing held August 12, 2026. As of October 15, 2026, no final rule has been published.",
   "forLicensees": "Renew by October 1, 2027. If the rule is finalized, a late renewal will cost $50 on top of the $300 fee.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Indiana Register notice",
     "url": "https://iar.iga.in.gov/register/20260527-IR-874260152FNA"
    },
    {
     "label": "Rulemaking docket",
     "url": "https://www.in.gov/pla/rulesingov/lsa-document-26-152"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "New York",
   "id": "ch55-2026-bivens",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/new-york#ch55-2026-bivens",
   "date": "2026-05-27",
   "title": "State-law claim for constitutional violations",
   "type": "L. 2026, ch. 55, Part LL, Subpart B (“New York state Bivens act”)",
   "summary": "New Civil Rights Law section 85 lets a person sue anyone who, under color of federal or state law, deprives them of rights secured by the U.S. Constitution. The legislative findings focus on claims against federal officials, but the text covers any person acting under color of law. A court may award compensatory and nominal damages, punitive damages where the violation is malicious, wanton, willful, or in reckless disregard of the plaintiff’s rights, injunctive and declaratory relief, and attorneys’ fees to a prevailing plaintiff. The section reaches back to January 1, 2025; for violations before the effective date, only nominal and compensatory damages are available. Claims against judges for judicial acts are limited.",
   "forOfficers": "State and local officers can now be sued under a state law, alongside federal civil rights suits, for constitutional violations.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "A.10005-C, chapter 55 of 2026",
     "url": "https://nyassembly.gov/leg/?default_fld=&leg_video=&bn=A10005&term=2025&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Text=Y"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Delaware",
   "id": "hb-197",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/delaware#hb-197",
   "date": "2026-05-21",
   "title": "Stalking definition expanded and penalties raised",
   "type": "HB 197, 85 Del. Laws c. 259",
   "summary": "Amends 11 Del. C. 1312. Stalking rises from a class G to a class E felony, and aggravated stalking from class F to class D. The definition of course of conduct is revised, and the affirmative defense now covers any constitutionally protected activity. The existing exemption for conduct in furtherance of legitimate activities of law enforcement, private investigators, security officers, or private detectives as those activities are defined in 24 Del. C. chapter 13 (1312(j)) was not changed.",
   "forLicensees": "The exemption covers only conduct in furtherance of legitimate investigative activities as defined in 24 Del. C. chapter 13.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "85 Del. Laws c. 259",
     "url": "https://delcode.delaware.gov/sessionlaws/ga153/chp259.shtml"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Mexico",
   "id": "sb-111",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-mexico#sb-111",
   "date": "2026-05-20",
   "title": "More MVD record fields made confidential",
   "type": "SB 111 (2026), Laws 2026, ch. 11",
   "summary": "Adds sex, gender identity, immigration status, and national origin to the Motor Vehicle Code’s definition of personal information (NMSA 66-1-4.14(F)), which is confidential under 66-2-7.1.",
   "forLicensees": "Expect these fields to be redacted from MVD records.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 111",
     "url": "https://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/26%20Regular/final/SB0111.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Virginia",
   "id": "noira-6646",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/virginia#noira-6646",
   "date": "2026-05-20",
   "title": "Proposal to add human trafficking training for security officers",
   "type": "Notice of intended regulatory action, 6VAC20-174 (Town Hall action 6646)",
   "summary": "DCJS proposes to add the human trafficking training required by HB 203 to entry-level and in-service training for unarmed and armed security officers, couriers, security canine handlers, and alarm respondents, adding one hour. An earlier emergency stage was withdrawn June 12, 2026. Private investigator training is not among the categories named.",
   "forLicensees": "As described, private investigator training hours would not change.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Town Hall action 6646",
     "url": "https://townhall.virginia.gov/L/ViewAction.cfm?actionid=6646"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "sb26-095",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#sb26-095",
   "date": "2026-05-19",
   "title": "Yearly training adds 2 hours on trauma and victim-survivors",
   "type": "SB26-095, Ch. 133, Session Laws 2026",
   "summary": "The annual in-service programs “must” now include “a two-hour training to improve a peace officer’s understanding of the impact of trauma on victim-survivors of crimes” and how best to respond (C.R.S. 24-31-315(1)(a)).",
   "forOfficers": "The trauma-informed module is part of your required in-service content.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB26-095",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/SB26-095/133/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "id": "sb-207",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/georgia#sb-207",
   "date": "2026-05-12",
   "title": "Criminal record review and preclearance for licensing boards",
   "type": "Senate Bill 207, Act 628 (2026)",
   "summary": "O.C.G.A. 43-1-19(q) already limited denials and revocations for a criminal record to offenses that directly relate to the occupation. For applications filed on or after July 1, 2027, SB 207 replaces “crime involving moral turpitude” with “covered misdemeanor” (a misdemeanor conviction within five years before the application, or one listed in O.C.G.A. 35-3-37(j)(4)(B)), requires individualized consideration with no automatic denial, and adds a right to a hearing before a denial based on a criminal record, 30 days to respond to a notice of record issues, petitions for a binding predetermination of eligibility, and duties for boards to post the standard and report annually. How the act interacts with the Board’s own disqualifiers in O.C.G.A. 43-38-6 has not been confirmed.",
   "forLicensees": "Applicants with a criminal record can ask for a predetermination before applying, from July 1, 2027.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 207",
     "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/70493"
    },
    {
     "label": "As passed",
     "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/api/legislation/document/20252026/249067"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "ch-83-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/minnesota#ch-83-2026",
   "date": "2026-05-12",
   "title": "Partnerships removed; corporate officers must qualify",
   "type": "2026 Minn. Laws ch. 83",
   "summary": "Removes partnerships from the parties that can apply for or hold a private detective or protective agent license. For a corporate applicant, the chief executive officer, chief financial officer, qualified representative, and any Minnesota manager must each meet the licensing requirements, including the fingerprint-based criminal history check. Before this change, only one member had to qualify. The House says the change gives the board full access to FBI criminal records to vet applicants.",
   "forLicensees": "Corporate license holders should expect fingerprinting and background checks for the CEO and CFO as well as the qualified representative and Minnesota manager.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Session law",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2026/0/83/"
    },
    {
     "label": "House summary",
     "url": "https://www.house.mn.gov/NewLaws/story/2026/5768"
    },
    {
     "label": "HF 4151 status",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/bill.php?b=House&f=HF4151&ssn=0&y=2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Kansas",
   "id": "sb-30",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/kansas#sb-30",
   "date": "2026-05-07",
   "title": "New licenses and material license changes need the Legislature’s approval",
   "type": "SB 30 (2026)",
   "summary": "A new occupational license, or a material change to an existing one, that an agency proposes on or after January 1, 2026 needs ratification by bill before it takes effect. Each licensing agency, including the Attorney General, must report on each license to the Joint Committee on Administrative Rules and Regulations every September.",
   "forLicensees": "A material change to the private detective license that the Attorney General proposes on or after January 1, 2026 takes effect only if the Legislature ratifies it by bill.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 30",
     "url": "https://www.kslegislature.gov/b2025_26/bills/SB30/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Tennessee",
   "id": "pc-955",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/tennessee#pc-955",
   "date": "2026-05-07",
   "title": "Citizenship or qualified alien status required",
   "type": "2026 Public Chapter 955 (HB 1709)",
   "summary": "Deletes the citizenship subdivisions for private investigators and companies (62-26-206(a)(2), 62-26-207(a)(2)) and adds a section to Title 62, Chapter 76 requiring a person to be a U.S. citizen or a qualified alien under Tenn. Code Ann. 4-58-102 to be eligible for any license from an entity created under Title 62. It applies to licenses applied for or renewed on or after May 7, 2026.",
   "forLicensees": "Applicants and renewing licensees must be U.S. citizens or qualified aliens.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Chapter 955",
     "url": "https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/114/pub/pc0955.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Utah",
   "id": "hb-158",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/utah#hb-158",
   "date": "2026-05-06",
   "title": "Tracking a person or using a tracking app without permission is a crime",
   "type": "H.B. 158 (2026), Laws of Utah 2026, ch. 442",
   "summary": "Expands Utah Code 76-12-305 to cover placing a tracker on a person or the person’s property and using a tracking application, as well as vehicle trackers, without permission. The licensed investigator exception applies only to vehicle trackers and still requires a protective order check first (76-12-305(4), (7)). An injured person may recover statutory damages of $50 a day or $5,000, whichever is greater.",
   "forLicensees": "There is no investigator exception for trackers on people, their belongings, or phones.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "H.B. 158",
     "url": "https://le.utah.gov/Session/2026/bills/enrolled/HB0158.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "oac-4501-7-1-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/ohio#oac-4501-7-1-2026",
   "date": "2026-05-01",
   "title": "Rules updated for two-year licenses; concealed handgun license requirement removed",
   "type": "Final rule",
   "summary": "The Department of Public Safety amended 13 rules, kept 7 without change, and rescinded rule 4501:7-1-20, which covered meetings of the now abolished Ohio Private Investigation and Security Services Commission. The rules now set a $200 initial license fee and a $550 two-year renewal fee. Employee registration is filed online, with fingerprints, within seven calendar days of hire. Peace officer experience may count if gained within the last 20 years, up from 10. Passport-style photos, outdated payment methods, and the requirement to hold a concealed handgun license while working were removed. The firearm bearer rule, 4501:7-1-22, took effect July 1, 2026.",
   "forLicensees": "Renew every two years at $550. Register new employees online within seven days of hire. A concealed handgun license is no longer required to carry a firearm on duty, but a valid firearm bearer notation still is.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Current rules",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/chapter-4501:7-1"
    },
    {
     "label": "CSI review memo",
     "url": "https://www.registerofohio.state.oh.us/servlet/RooBusinessPDF?ruleActionId=700823&docTypeId=15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "2ssb-5974",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#2ssb-5974",
   "date": "2026-04-30",
   "title": "Sheriffs, chiefs, and marshals must be certified; decertified anywhere means barred",
   "type": "2SSB 5974, Laws of 2026, ch. 258",
   "summary": "Certification is now a condition of employment “or of holding office,” and the option of an exemption is struck (43.101.095(1)). Sheriffs, police chiefs, and marshals must be at least 25, have 5 years of full-time law enforcement employment, have no conduct meeting the mandatory revocation criteria, and be certified within 9 months of taking office (RCW 35.21.333; 36.28.025). For chiefs and marshals, the age rule is new and the experience rule rises from 2 years. For sheriffs, the old rule required only basic training within 12 months of taking office. Sheriff candidates need a State Patrol background check, and CJTC posts whether each passed. A sheriff’s office, or any elected law enforcement office, becomes vacant if the incumbent does not keep certification or is decertified by a final CJTC decision (RCW 36.28.210; 42.12.010(9)). For all hires, background investigations must be completed within the prior 6 months, and agencies that employed the person or received an application must keep and disclose application records within 30 days. CJTC “shall” (was “may”) set background standards. Background files are confidential, but whether a background was passed or failed is public (43.101.095(8)). An officer whose certification was denied, revoked, or surrendered and not reinstated “in this state or any other state may not serve in any role” as an officer (43.101.115(4)).",
   "forOfficers": "A revocation or surrender in another state that has not been reinstated now bars you from any officer role in Washington; check the new rules before seeking a sheriff, chief, or marshal post.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws of 2026, ch. 258",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2025-26/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/Senate/5974-S2.SL.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "RCW 36.28.210",
     "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=36.28.210"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "fsc-rules",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/texas#fsc-rules",
   "date": "2026-04-24",
   "title": "Commission rules: rapid DNA discipline, new licenses, exemptions",
   "type": "37 TAC chapter 651 (amended)",
   "summary": "On July 25, 2025 the Commission amended Rule 651.5 to make rapid DNA analysis its own accreditation discipline, following an FBI change that lets rapid DNA crime scene samples be searched in CODIS under set conditions. On April 24, 2026 it voted to exempt exams of non-lethal munitions from accreditation and licensing (Rule 651.7) and to amend the Code of Professional Responsibility in Rule 651.219 to clarify, in the minutes’ words, its “applicability to accredited law enforcement agency crime laboratory managers only.” Earlier votes, including on July 26, 2024, revised license expiration dates (Rules 651.207 and 651.208) and added voluntary licenses, which by fiscal 2025 covered six new categories including latent print processing technicians and crime scene reconstruction analysts. The Texas Register effective dates of these rules could not be checked from official sources on October 19, 2026.",
   "forPractitioners": "Labs running rapid DNA need accreditation in that discipline, not under general forensic biology.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Commission annual report, FY2025",
     "url": "https://www.txcourts.gov/media/1461696/14th-annual-report-11122025.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minutes, April 24, 2026",
     "url": "https://www.txcourts.gov/media/1463108/d_04242026-fsc-meeting-minutes.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minutes, July 26, 2024",
     "url": "https://www.txcourts.gov/media/1459402/07262024-meeting-minutes.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Pennsylvania",
   "id": "act-5-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/pennsylvania#act-5-2026",
   "date": "2026-04-12",
   "title": "State System campus police must hold MPOETC certification",
   "type": "Act 5 of 2026 (SB 327), P.L.10",
   "summary": "The Public School Code definition of State System of Higher Education “campus police” changes. It used to cover personnel who had completed an approved campus police course of training. It now covers personnel who “are certified as police officers under 53 Pa.C.S. Ch. 21 Subch. D.” Title 53 already counted State System campus police as police officers (2162, since Act 121 of 2022), and the old School Code text already referred to training approved under Subchapter D. The act repeals the councils of trustees’ power to authorize campus police firearms and voids existing trustee resolutions that did so. New 53 Pa.C.S. 2168(f) lets Fort Indiantown Gap installation police keep their certification. They must have completed basic and in-service training, and either hold active certification or have had it lapse within 2 years while continuously employed there.",
   "forOfficers": "State System campus police now need MPOETC certification, not only a completed training course.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 5 of 2026",
     "url": "https://www.palegis.us/statutes/unconsolidated/law-information/view-statute?txtType=HTM&SessYr=2026&ActNum=0005.&SessInd=0&iFrame=true"
    },
    {
     "label": "53 Pa.C.S. Ch. 21",
     "url": "https://www.palegis.us/statutes/consolidated/view-statute?txtType=HTM&ttl=53&div=00.&chpt=21&iFrame=true"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Montana",
   "id": "mar-2025-404",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/montana#mar-2025-404",
   "date": "2026-04-11",
   "title": "Substantial equivalency list for out-of-state applicants",
   "type": "MAR Notice No. 2025-404; new ARM 24.182.410",
   "summary": "Implements HB 246 (Ch. 76, L. 2025, effective October 1, 2025) by incorporating the Department’s 2025 substantial equivalency list for the Private Security Program. Applications from people licensed in a listed state are treated as routine as to education, exam, and experience. The Department’s published determinations, an undated document, mark Louisiana, Nebraska, New Jersey, and New Mexico as substantially equivalent for private investigators.",
   "forLicensees": "Fingerprints, insurance, and other Montana requirements still apply.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Notice of adoption",
     "url": "https://rules.mt.gov/api/policy-library-public/collections/5e1173a6-33c7-4df8-b426-5e0077cfc430/policies/6b3719ba-487a-4a12-a9b4-30183cdfe308"
    },
    {
     "label": "Department determinations",
     "url": "https://boards.bsd.dli.mt.gov/_global-pages/Montana-Substantial-Equivalency-Determinations.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Virginia",
   "id": "hb-680",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/virginia#hb-680",
   "date": "2026-04-06",
   "title": "Board and committee members serve until replaced",
   "type": "HB 680 (2026 Acts ch. 202), emergency",
   "summary": "Governor-appointed members of the Forensic Science Board and the Scientific Advisory Committee now serve past the end of their terms until a successor is appointed (Va. Code 9.1-1109(C), 9.1-1111). The act also corrects the name of the Commonwealth’s Attorneys association in 9.1-1109 and drops the requirement that the Committee meet in Richmond (9.1-1112).",
   "forPractitioners": "No change to lab practice; the oversight bodies keep their members while appointments are pending.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 680",
     "url": "https://lis.virginia.gov/bill-details/20261/HB680/text/CHAP0202"
    },
    {
     "label": "Va. Code 9.1-1109",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/9.1-1109/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "rules-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-carolina#rules-2026",
   "date": "2026-04-01",
   "title": "Application rules list required information; armed rules updated for S.L. 2025-51",
   "type": "Final rule, 14B NCAC 16 .0203, .0205, .0703, .0706, .0806 to .0808, .0902, .0904, .0910, .0911, .1203, .1306, .1406",
   "summary": "The Board said most changes answer a Rules Review Commission finding that its application and renewal rules did not list what an application must contain. Rule .0203(a) now lists the information a renewal application includes. Other changes carry out S.L. 2025-51: the Board may consider expunged charges and convictions, and status under the federal Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act is recognized for the concealed handgun rules (.0807, .0808). Rule .1203 adds a $100 fee to evaluate a continuing education course, shortens course approval from 4 years to 2, and lowers instructor credit from 5 hours to 4 per hour taught.",
   "forLicensees": "Renewal applications must include the information listed in .0203(a).",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "NC Register 40:08, proposed rules",
     "url": "https://files.nc.gov/oah/documents/2025-10/Volume-40-Issue-08-October-15-2025.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "14B NCAC 16",
     "url": "http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2014b%20-%20public%20safety/chapter%2016%20-%20private%20protective%20services%20board/chapter%2016%20rules.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oregon",
   "id": "sb-1516",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oregon#sb-1516",
   "date": "2026-03-31",
   "title": "License plate reader data limited",
   "type": "SB 1516, Oregon Laws 2026 chapter 77",
   "summary": "Limits law enforcement use of automated license plate recognition data and bars agency system vendors from selling or sharing it. Captured data is conditionally exempt from public disclosure: a request must identify the approximate date and time and be tailored to material for which the public interest requires disclosure (ORS 192.345(44)).",
   "forLicensees": "Law enforcement plate data is available by public records request only on those conditions, and agency vendors may not sell it.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2026 c.77",
     "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2026orLaw0077.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "essb-6002",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/washington#essb-6002",
   "date": "2026-03-30",
   "title": "License plate reader data closed to public records requests",
   "type": "ESSB 6002, 2026 c 239",
   "summary": "Agency automated license plate reader data is exempt from the Public Records Act except for bona fide research without individually identifiable information. Agencies may not sell or buy it, and vendors of license plate reader systems may not sell or give access to the data to any unauthorized person or entity. Willful unauthorized use, sale, or dissemination is a gross misdemeanor.",
   "forLicensees": "Agency license plate reader data cannot be obtained through a public records request or bought from system vendors.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2026 c 239",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2025-26/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/Senate/6002-S.SL.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb26-1020",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/colorado#hb26-1020",
   "date": "2026-03-26",
   "title": "Field drug tests: summons instead of arrest for low-level possession, and a plea warning",
   "type": "HB 26-1020, session law ch. 12, C.R.S. 18-18-102, 18-18-403.5 and others",
   "summary": "The act defines a “colorimetric field drug test” as a presumptive color-change screen done outside a forensic lab by someone other than a forensic chemist (18-18-102(4.5)). When such a test was used and the only basis for arrest is a level 1 drug misdemeanor for possession, or a municipal possession charge, an officer must issue a summons instead of arresting (18-18-403.5(7)); parallel changes were made to 16-2-104, 16-3-105 and 16-5-206. Before accepting a plea from anyone charged with possession under 18-18-403.5(1), (2) or (2.5), or with municipal drug possession, where a field test was used, the judge must advise that these tests “are subject to false positive results,” “have known error rates and are inadmissible in court,” and that the defendant may plead not guilty and “request drug testing by an accredited forensic laboratory” (18-18-403.5(8)). The act applies to offenses committed on or after March 26, 2026.",
   "forPractitioners": "Before a possession plea in a field-test case, make sure the advisement was given and consider asking for lab testing.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 26-1020, final act",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bill_files/113239/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "pl2026-c3",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/new-jersey#pl2026-c3",
   "date": "2026-03-25",
   "title": "No masks with the public; identification required before a detention or arrest",
   "type": "P.L.2026, c.3, new N.J.S.A. 52:17B-236.9 to 236.13",
   "summary": "The act covers any federal, State, county, or municipal officer. An officer “shall not wear a mask or disguise when interacting with the public” on duty. Exceptions include undercover or tactical operations, a threat of retaliation, clear face shields, medical-grade or N95 masks, smoke during a State of Emergency or cold during a weather emergency, and biological or chemical agents. Every officer “shall provide sufficient identification prior to detaining or arresting” someone: a uniform with insignia, a photo ID card, a numbered badge, or stating name and agency. The ID duty does not apply if it would compromise an authorized investigation, a supervisor decides stealth is needed, or the officer reasonably fears for their safety. The AG “shall” issue guidelines or a directive. The act has no penalty provision.",
   "forOfficers": "Identify yourself before you detain or arrest someone, and do not cover your face unless an exception applies.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L.2026, c.3",
     "url": "https://pub.njleg.gov/bills/2026/PL26/3_.HTM"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Wisconsin",
   "id": "ab-746",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/wisconsin#ab-746",
   "date": "2026-03-23",
   "title": "Licensing exemption bill fails to pass",
   "type": "Bill, not enacted",
   "summary": "Would have exempted volunteers on a church safety or security team from private detective and private security licensing and permit requirements while on the premises of the church. Recommended for passage by the Assembly Committee on Regulatory Licensing Reform on January 15, 2026, by a vote of 5 to 2. It never reached a floor vote and failed to pass on March 23, 2026, under Senate Joint Resolution 1.",
   "forLicensees": "Nothing changed. A similar proposal could return in the 2027 to 2028 session.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Bill history",
     "url": "https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2025/proposals/ab746"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "ssb-5855",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#ssb-5855",
   "date": "2026-03-19",
   "title": "Officers may not wear face coverings with the public",
   "type": "SSB 5855, Laws of 2026, ch. 115 (new RCW 10.116.052)",
   "summary": "A law enforcement officer “shall not wear a facial covering while interacting with the public in the performance of the officer’s duties.” Officers include peace officers and federal employees or agents who can carry firearms, make warrantless arrests, and enforce criminal, customs, or immigration laws. Exceptions: undercover operatives in an active operation, SWAT protective gear, and protective equipment required or authorized under workplace safety law. Clear face shields, medical masks, respirators, and religious coverings are not facial coverings. Consistent with RCW 10.116.050, peace officers must be reasonably identifiable by a displayed name or other uniform information. A person detained in violation may sue the officer in the officer’s official capacity for damages and other relief, but an officer who was reasonably identifiable at the time is not liable. Challenges to the law’s coverage of federal officers were not checked for this page.",
   "forOfficers": "Do not wear an opaque mask with the public unless an exception applies, and keep your name or ID visible.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws of 2026, ch. 115",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2025-26/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/Senate/5855-S.SL.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "RCW 10.116.052",
     "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=10.116.052"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "esb-5068",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#esb-5068",
   "date": "2026-03-18",
   "title": "Work-authorized corrections officers; immigration status alone not a revocation ground",
   "type": "ESB 5068, Laws of 2026, ch. 103",
   "summary": "For jail and prison custody positions, agencies may consider citizens or people “legally authorized to work in the United States under federal law” (RCW 10.93.165(2)). Peace officers must still be citizens, lawful permanent residents, or DACA recipients. The mandatory weapons-prohibition ground in 43.101.105(2)(e) no longer allows denial or revocation “based solely on” a federal prohibition tied only to immigration status, where the officer could lawfully possess weapons under 18 U.S.C. 925(a)(1). Sections 2, 4, and 6 apply retroactively to individuals employed on and after March 18, 2026.",
   "forOfficers": "A federal firearms bar based only on immigration status no longer requires revocation if you can lawfully carry on duty.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws of 2026, ch. 103",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2025-26/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/Senate/5068.SL.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Dakota",
   "id": "audit-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-dakota#audit-2026",
   "date": "2026-03-16",
   "title": "State Auditor’s performance audit of the Board",
   "type": "State Auditor report, required by SB 2051 (2025)",
   "summary": "Covering January 2019 through June 2025, the audit found five problem areas: no documented policies or procedures; licensing inefficiencies, including no accurate list of licensees and registrants; manual pocket-card production; an impractical renewal period with application backlogs; and not using Attorney General legal services.",
   "forLicensees": "Confirm another investigator’s license directly with the Board.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "State Auditor",
     "url": "https://www.nd.gov/auditor/news/legislatively-mandated-audit-private-investigative-and-security-board-finds-five-areas"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "District of Columbia",
   "id": "dlcp-digital-id",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/district-of-columbia#dlcp-digital-id",
   "date": "2026-03-13",
   "title": "Digital identification cards replace printed cards",
   "type": "DLCP bulletin",
   "summary": "DLCP no longer prints security identification cards; licensees print a digital license from their Access DC account.",
   "forLicensees": "The bulletin is addressed to security officers and agencies; private detectives, who must carry their identification card while doing business (17 DCMR 2005.1), should confirm with DLCP that the printed digital license meets that requirement.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "DLCP bulletin",
     "url": "https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/DCWASH/bulletins/40e1b52"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Wyoming",
   "id": "sf-20",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/wyoming#sf-20",
   "date": "2026-03-06",
   "title": "Government agencies barred from selling personal data",
   "type": "SF 20 (2026), ch. 48",
   "summary": "Bars state and local government entities, other than the courts and law enforcement, from buying, selling, trading, or transferring personal data without the person’s written consent, except as provided by law and for listed transfers (W.S. 9-21-201 to -203). Disclosure under the Wyoming Public Records Act is preserved.",
   "forLicensees": "Public records requests still work; bulk data deals with agencies need consent or an approved exception.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SF 20",
     "url": "https://wyoleg.gov/2026/Enroll/SF0020.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "District of Columbia",
   "id": "dlcp-transfer",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/district-of-columbia#dlcp-transfer",
   "date": "2026-03-02",
   "title": "Up to 15 days of work while a transfer is processed",
   "type": "DLCP bulletin",
   "summary": "A licensee, including a private detective, may work for a new agency for up to 15 days while a transfer application is processed, if the current license is active and the transfer does not result from termination or dismissal. If the transfer is denied, the license becomes inactive.",
   "forLicensees": "File the transfer before starting with the new agency.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "DLCP bulletin",
     "url": "https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/DCWASH/bulletins/40c4760"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "20-csr-2234-6-010-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/missouri#20-csr-2234-6-010-2026",
   "date": "2026-02-28",
   "title": "Repeating a continuing education course now needs board approval",
   "type": "Final rule",
   "summary": "Private investigators and agency investigator employees may not take the same course in consecutive cycles without a written request to the board that gives the reason for repeating it. The amendment also restates the reporting cycles as March 1 to February 28 of every even year for investigators and May 1 to April 30 of every even year for agency employees. Hour requirements are unchanged. The proposal was published October 1, 2025, and adopted without changes.",
   "forLicensees": "Get written board approval before counting a repeated course toward your 16 or 8 hours.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "20 CSR 2234-6.010",
     "url": "https://www.sos.mo.gov/cmsimages/adrules/csr/current/20csr/20c2234-6.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Proposed amendment, 50 MoReg 1370",
     "url": "https://www.sos.mo.gov/CMSImages/AdRules/moreg/2025/v50n19Oct1/v50n19.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Order of rulemaking, 51 MoReg 158",
     "url": "https://www.sos.mo.gov/CMSImages/AdRules/moreg/2026/v51n2Jan15/v51n2.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "reg-1216",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#reg-1216",
   "date": "2026-02-17",
   "title": "Disciplinary guidelines for certification actions",
   "type": "Commission Regulation 1216",
   "summary": "Incorporates the POST Disciplinary Guidelines (2025), which set the factors for deciding whether serious misconduct warrants suspension or revocation and give administrative law judges a framework for hearings.",
   "forOfficers": "Read the guidelines before any certification hearing; they shape the penalty an administrative law judge recommends.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Bulletin 2025-24",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/bulletin/2025-24.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Michigan",
   "id": "ero-2025-2",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/michigan#ero-2025-2",
   "date": "2026-02-17",
   "title": "Civil Rights director’s MCOLES seat made ex officio",
   "type": "Executive Reorganization Order No. 2025-2 (Executive Order No. 2025-9), compiled at MCL 16.736",
   "summary": "The order says the commission member who serves under section 1(1), the director of the Department of Civil Rights, “shall serve in an ex officio capacity.” That is the only new element. The order also restates rules that already applied under E.R.O. 2020-2, effective August 12, 2020. The governor’s three public appointees “must not be” law enforcement officers or tribal officers, or be employed by or affiliated with a law enforcement agency or training academy. They serve 4-year terms, and a vacancy is filled for the rest of the term. Licensing standards do not change.",
   "forOfficers": "Nothing changes for your license.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "MCL 16.736",
     "url": "https://legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-16-736"
    },
    {
     "label": "MCL 28.620 (E.R.O. 2020-2)",
     "url": "https://legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-28-620"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "New York",
   "id": "osi-2025-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/new-york#osi-2025-2026",
   "date": "2026-02-17",
   "title": "Attorney General’s police-death investigations: conflict screens and video confidentiality",
   "type": "L. 2025, ch. 707, Part F; L. 2026, ch. 36, Part A",
   "summary": "Where the Office of Special Investigation’s work conflicts with the Attorney General’s defense of state employees, the Attorney General may designate a deputy or assistant to act instead. The Attorney General must adopt rules that screen the prosecution team from civil-defense files on police and peace officers, and the reverse (Exec. Law 70-b(8)). New County Law 701(6), effective December 19, 2025, lets a court appoint a special district attorney when the Attorney General is disqualified; that prosecutor must issue the public report. The 2026 chapter amendment adds Exec. Law 70-b(3-a): the Attorney General must keep video and audio recordings it receives confidential. Disclosure may be delayed, at the Attorney General’s discretion, only to protect an ongoing investigation or prosecution or at the request of the decedent’s family. Redactions follow the Attorney General’s video release policy, and the subdivision does not limit access a person is otherwise lawfully entitled to.",
   "forOfficers": "In a death investigation, footage sent to the Attorney General is held under these rules, and release can be delayed only on the listed grounds.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.8415, chapter 707 of 2025",
     "url": "https://nyassembly.gov/leg/?default_fld=&leg_video=&bn=S08415&term=2025&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Text=Y"
    },
    {
     "label": "A.9516, chapter 36 of 2026",
     "url": "https://nyassembly.gov/leg/?default_fld=&leg_video=&bn=A09516&term=2025&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Text=Y"
    },
    {
     "label": "Exec. Law 70-b",
     "url": "https://legislation.nysenate.gov/pdf/laws/EXC70-B"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Delaware",
   "id": "rule-1300-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/delaware#rule-1300-2026",
   "date": "2026-02-11",
   "title": "Board rules amended for armed guards and detection canines",
   "type": "Final order, 29 DE Reg. 706",
   "summary": "Shortens the interval between firearm qualification shoots for armed security and armored car guards from 90 to 60 days, adds leave waivers, and requires the 40-hour course again after a 36-month suspension. Allows detection canines for Class B and C agencies with Board approval. The investigator rules (8.0), license holder rules (9.0), and fees, bonds, and insurance (13.0) are unchanged apart from minor wording.",
   "forLicensees": "Investigator requirements are unchanged.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "29 DE Reg. 706",
     "url": "https://regulations.delaware.gov/register/february2026/final/29%20DE%20Reg%20706%2002-01-26"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Delaware",
   "id": "sb-32",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/delaware#sb-32",
   "date": "2026-02-08",
   "title": "Correctional officers may have personal information taken down",
   "type": "SB 32, 85 Del. Laws c. 125",
   "summary": "Adds 11 Del. C. 6594 to 6598. After a written request from a Department of Correction correctional, probation, or parole officer (active, former, or retired) who serves or served on or after February 8, 2026, any person must remove the officer’s or family’s listed personal information, including home address and phone numbers, from public display within 72 hours and may not post it again. Damages are at least $10,000.",
   "forLicensees": "Do not publicly post a requesting officer’s listed information.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "85 Del. Laws c. 125",
     "url": "https://delcode.delaware.gov/sessionlaws/ga153/chp125.shtml"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New York",
   "id": "dos-repeal-171-8",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-york#dos-repeal-171-8",
   "date": "2026-02-04",
   "title": "Bail enforcement schools no longer send student lists",
   "type": "Final rule, I.D. No. DOS-24-25-00004",
   "summary": "Repeals 19 NYCRR 171.8, which required a school giving the 25-hour qualifying course for bail enforcement agents to send the Department the names and addresses of students who passed. Bail enforcement agents are licensed under the same Article 7 as private investigators; the rule does not apply to investigators.",
   "forLicensees": "No change for private investigators.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "NYS Register, February 4, 2026",
     "url": "https://dos.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2026/02/020426.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Proposed rule",
     "url": "https://dos.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2025/06/061825_compressed.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Virginia",
   "id": "6vac20-65-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/virginia#6vac20-65-2026",
   "date": "2026-02-01",
   "title": "Statewide conduct standards and a serious-misconduct list for decertification",
   "type": "6VAC20-65-10 to 6VAC20-65-40 (new chapter), final regulation, Virginia Register 42:10",
   "summary": "The Register says the chapter is adopted under Chapter 37 of the 2020 Acts of Assembly, Special Session I; the standards duty is now Va. Code 9.1-102(60). Every certified law-enforcement and jail officer “must” comply with eight conduct standards, such as obeying the law and agency policy, treating all people with dignity, preserving life, and upholding public trust. 6VAC20-65-30 lists the serious misconduct that warrants decertification when an officer is terminated or resigns for it and the employer reports it: dishonesty, including failing to report known exculpatory and impeachment information to a superior; abuse of power; discriminatory policing; engaging in, failing to intervene in, or failing to report excessive force; obstructing decertification reporting or investigations; and a pattern or single egregious act of reckless disregard for rights or safety. 6VAC20-65-40 sets the 48-hour deadline for the decertification form and the hearing steps. 2024 ch. 494 shaped only the appeal-hearing and recruit-form provisions.",
   "forOfficers": "Failing to tell a superior about known exculpatory or impeachment information can now lead to decertification.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Virginia Register 42:10",
     "url": "https://register.dls.virginia.gov/vol42/iss10/v42i10.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "6VAC20-65",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title6/agency20/chapter65/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "bsis-exam-rule",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/california#bsis-exam-rule",
   "date": "2026-01-30",
   "title": "Proposed rule would update exam application rules",
   "type": "Proposed rule, 16 CCR 601, 601.1, 621, 625, 628, 636, and 643",
   "summary": "BSIS proposes to drop the 20-day filing deadline before an exam in 16 CCR 601 and repeal the exam scheduling and notice rules in 16 CCR 601.1, which it says no longer match its practice now that its vendor schedules exams. It would also broaden what counts as an advertisement under 16 CCR 621, update terminology, and repeal 16 CCR 636 on firearms course approval.",
   "forLicensees": "Nothing changes until the rule is approved. No effective date has been set.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "BSIS proposed regulations",
     "url": "https://www.bsis.ca.gov/about_us/laws/prop_regs.shtml"
    },
    {
     "label": "Notice of proposed action",
     "url": "https://www.bsis.ca.gov/about_us/laws/exam_app_repeal_notice.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "ab-443",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#ab-443",
   "date": "2026-01-22",
   "title": "Biased conduct defined; agencies must make bias findings",
   "type": "AB 443 (2023), ch. 439; Commission Regulation 1022",
   "summary": "PC 13510.6 requires POST to define biased conduct, including online and social media conduct. Agencies investigating a bias-related complaint must decide whether the conduct meets that definition, and in racial profiling complaints whether profiling occurred. POST must also issue guidance on internet and social media screening of applicants. Regulation 1022 adopts the definition.",
   "forOfficers": "Social media posts can now lead to a formal bias finding, which bears on the serious-misconduct ground of demonstrating bias.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "PC 13510.6",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=13510.6"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bulletin 2025-43",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/bulletin/2025-43.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Louisiana",
   "id": "lac-55-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/louisiana#lac-55-2026",
   "date": "2026-01-20",
   "title": "State Police background-check access widened beyond investigators",
   "type": "Final rule, LAC 55:I.205 (LR 52:66-67)",
   "summary": "Licensed Louisiana private investigators remain eligible to be approved as an “authorized agency” to request criminal history checks on licensed ambulance personnel and nonlicensed persons for employers under R.S. 40:1203.1 and following (LAC 55:I.205(A)(1)). The rule adds employees of Louisiana businesses whose primary business is background screening. It also states that each check carries the $5 technology fee set by R.S. 15:587(D), on top of the $26 fee (LAC 55:I.207(B)).",
   "forLicensees": "Investigators keep their eligibility, and background-screening firms are now eligible too.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Louisiana Register, January 2026",
     "url": "https://www.doa.la.gov/media/f4jgihze/2601.docx"
    },
    {
     "label": "Notice of intent",
     "url": "https://www.doa.la.gov/media/1dinjutv/2510.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "pl-2025-c367",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-jersey#pl-2025-c367",
   "date": "2026-01-20",
   "title": "Data privacy law exemptions amended",
   "type": "P.L.2025, c.367 (A5017)",
   "summary": "Rewrites the exemptions and definitions in the 2023 data privacy law, widening the existing health information and human-subjects research exemptions (to information treated like HIPAA-protected health information and to research under ICH good clinical practice guidelines) and adding insurance-support organizations and national securities associations. It adds no exemption for private detectives.",
   "forLicensees": "No change in how the privacy law treats investigators.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L.2025, c.367",
     "url": "https://pub.njleg.gov/Bills/2024/PL25/367_.HTM"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "pl2025-c332",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/new-jersey#pl2025-c332",
   "date": "2026-01-20",
   "title": "Licensed officers may serve as probationary State or county investigators while trained",
   "type": "P.L.2025, c.332, amending N.J.S.A. 52:17B-69 and 67.1",
   "summary": "A permanent licensed officer with an active basic-course certification “may” get a probationary or temporary appointment as a State or county investigator for up to 120 days while training as a basic investigator. The appointment “shall remain in force” until the Commission acts on the license application, but the matching 52:17B-67.1 exception lets the officer act as an investigator for no more than 120 days from appointment. A matching exception was added to the ban on acting beyond the scope of a license.",
   "forOfficers": "You can start work as an investigator while your new license is pending.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L.2025, c.332",
     "url": "https://pub.njleg.gov/bills/2024/PL25/332_.HTM"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "c350-kit-deadlines",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/new-jersey#c350-kit-deadlines",
   "date": "2026-01-20",
   "title": "10-day lab deadline for sexual assault kits; unreported kits kept 20 years",
   "type": "P.L.2025, c.350 (A3753/S3089), N.J.S.A. 52:4B-44.3a",
   "summary": "Every State, county and municipal police agency must submit every consented kit to the appropriate forensic lab within 10 calendar days of the exam. Exam facilities must notify police within 24 hours, and police must take the kit within 3 business days. Kits from victims who have not reported or consented must be kept at least 20 years from collection, or for minors 20 years after age 18. A victim may report and submit the kit for testing at any time in that period. The Attorney General must issue or amend guidelines. No earlier statutory submission deadline was found.",
   "forPractitioners": "Compare the exam date with the lab submission date; a gap of more than 10 days misses the statutory deadline.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L.2025, c.350",
     "url": "https://pub.njleg.state.nj.us/Bills/2024/PL25/350_.HTM"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Mexico",
   "id": "rule-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-mexico#rule-2026",
   "date": "2026-01-13",
   "title": "Continuing education audits and record-keeping; new fees",
   "type": "16.48 NMAC amendments, N.M. Register Vol. XXXVII, Issue 1",
   "summary": "Continuing education must be completed within the renewal period, licensees must keep documentation including provider contact information, renewing licensees are randomly audited, and the board may accept a sworn affidavit in place of documents at renewal (16.48.7.8). Adds a $35 returned-check fee and a $10 administration fee (16.48.5.8) and drops the photo requirement for renewals.",
   "forLicensees": "Keep CE certificates for the full cycle; renewing on an affidavit can still lead to an audit.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "N.M. Register",
     "url": "https://prod-rf-lambda.rtssaas.com/PublicFiles/d89c47bd0d70402dba89b03a22bda6d1/9339cf4c-dafd-4c34-b076-cbb226bd050d/xxxvii01.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "pl2025-c243",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/new-jersey#pl2025-c243",
   "date": "2026-01-12",
   "title": "Use-of-force policy principles in statute; public use-of-force data",
   "type": "P.L.2025, c.243, new N.J.S.A. 52:17B-4.14 to 4.16 and 77.20",
   "summary": "The AG “shall” review the statewide use-of-force policy every even-numbered year and hold 3 regional public hearings each time. Revisions must be “in furtherance of” core principles: the sanctity of life; reasonable measures, including de-escalation, before force; force only when objectively reasonable, necessary, and proportional, with deadly force as a last resort; and duties such as intervening, giving medical aid, and reporting. The statute does not itself impose these duties on officers; the AG policy does. The AG “shall” post compiled use-of-force data on a public website, and issue guidelines on barricaded individuals. The PTC “shall” include barricaded-individual training in all basic courses.",
   "forOfficers": "Your agency’s force reports feed a public statewide dataset.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L.2025, c.243",
     "url": "https://pub.njleg.gov/bills/2024/PL25/243_.HTM"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "r-25-0029",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/arizona#r-25-0029",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Ethics comment on evidence a lawyer suspects is altered or generated",
   "type": "Ariz. Sup. Ct. Order R-25-0029, ER 3.3 Comment [8]",
   "summary": "A new passage in Comment [8] to ER 3.3 addresses evidence a lawyer reasonably believes “has been materially altered or generated with the intent to deceive the court.” The comment calls for a reasonable inquiry before the lawyer offers it. Factors in how far the inquiry must go may include the evidence’s probative value, the value or importance of the case or issue, its source, and whether affordable tools to check authenticity are available. If after inquiry the lawyer still does not know the evidence is false, “the lawyer retains discretion to submit the evidence.” This is commentary only: there is no new rule text and no authentication standard for courts or labs. The same order’s change to ER 1.16 requires lawyers to assess the risk that a client will use their services for a crime or fraud, with money laundering and terrorist financing among the examples in the comment; it does not concern evidence.",
   "forPractitioners": "The comment does not set an authentication standard; challenge suspect digital evidence under the Rules of Evidence.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Order R-25-0029",
     "url": "https://www.azcourts.gov/Portals/0/20/2008-2025%20Rule%20Minutes-Orders/2025%20Rules/R-25-0029%20FinalRulesOrder.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-553",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/california#sb-553",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Attorney-sponsored investigators eligible for state prison gate clearances",
   "type": "Senate Bill 553, Chapter 226, Statutes of 2025",
   "summary": "Amends Penal Code 7460 to 7467. A private investigator licensed by any state who is sponsored by an attorney or appointed by a court counts as an attorney representative, eligible for annual and short-term gate clearances from the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Employees of a licensed investigator, sponsored by that investigator, count as attorney support staff. This is a practice change, not a licensing change.",
   "forLicensees": "Investigators working for an attorney or a court can apply for gate clearances to visit state prisons.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 553",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB553"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "ab-1388",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#ab-1388",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Settlement deals that hide misconduct records banned",
   "type": "AB 1388 (2025), ch. 729",
   "summary": "New PC 13510.9(e) bars agreements with officers that require destroying, removing, or concealing misconduct investigation records, halting an investigation or dictating its findings, or limiting disclosure under PC 832.7, 832.12, 1054.1, 13510.8, or 13510.85. Such provisions are void, and an agreement of this kind becomes a disclosable record under PC 832.7.",
   "forOfficers": "A separation agreement cannot promise a clean record; any such clause is void.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "AB 1388",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1388"
    },
    {
     "label": "PC 13510.9",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=13510.9"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-734",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#sb-734",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Racial Justice Act findings alone cannot trigger revocation",
   "type": "SB 734 (2025), ch. 784",
   "summary": "PC 13510.8 now bars POST from revoking certification because of a court finding under the Racial Justice Act (PC 745). POST may still act on the underlying conduct with full due process. New Gov. Code 3305.6 applies the same rule to punitive action by employers and bars using the finding as evidence in administrative appeals.",
   "forOfficers": "A Racial Justice Act finding is not itself a ground for decertification, but the conduct behind it can be.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 734",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB734"
    },
    {
     "label": "Gov. Code 3305.6",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&sectionNum=3305.6"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "ab-992",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#ab-992",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Degree or certificate requirement for officers who start after 2030",
   "type": "AB 992 (2025), ch. 175; SB 385 (2025), ch. 218",
   "summary": "New Gov. Code 1031.5 requires officers at POST-participating agencies, from January 1, 2031, to earn an associate or higher degree, a 60-unit modern policing degree, or a 16-unit professional policing certificate within 36 months of receiving the basic certificate. The deadline is 48 months for out-of-state officers and military veterans with less than 8 years of service, and those with 8 or more years are exempt. The requirement does not apply to anyone enrolled in a basic academy or employed as a California peace officer on December 31, 2030, or to State Department of State Hospitals officers. Gov. Code 1031 now accepts foreign degrees evaluated by members of NACES or AICE. SB 385, an urgency act effective October 1, 2025, first deleted the old deadline for POST to adopt education criteria in PC 13511.1; AB 992 made the same deletion.",
   "forOfficers": "Current officers are exempt; recruits who enter an academy after 2030 will need the degree or certificate within 36 months.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "AB 992",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB992"
    },
    {
     "label": "Gov. Code 1031.5",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&sectionNum=1031.5"
    },
    {
     "label": "SB 385",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB385"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "ab-847",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#ab-847",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Civilian oversight boards get officer personnel records",
   "type": "AB 847 (2025), ch. 383",
   "summary": "Adds sheriff civilian oversight boards and other oversight bodies created by ordinance to the bodies exempt from personnel record confidentiality in PC 832.7(a). Under Gov. Code 25303.7, board members and inspectors general get access to the personnel records they need for oversight, must keep them confidential, and a sheriff oversight board may review them in closed session.",
   "forOfficers": "Assume a county oversight board can see your personnel file.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "AB 847",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB847"
    },
    {
     "label": "Gov. Code 25303.7",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&sectionNum=25303.7"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "ab-1178",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#ab-1178",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Undercover status counts in records redaction",
   "type": "AB 1178 (2025), ch. 635",
   "summary": "In a suit to compel disclosure under PC 832.7, a court reviewing a safety-based redaction must consider whether the officer currently works undercover and needs anonymity.",
   "forOfficers": "Undercover officers should tell their agency so it can raise this factor before records are released.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "AB 1178",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1178"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "ab-572",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#ab-572",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Rules for interviewing families after police killings",
   "type": "AB 572 (2025), ch. 697",
   "summary": "By January 1, 2027, law enforcement and prosecutorial agencies must have a policy for formal interviews of immediate family members of a person killed or seriously injured by a peace officer (Gov. Code 7287). Before the interview, the officer or prosecutor must give their name and agency, tell the person the status of the family member if known, explain that the interview is part of an investigation, and say the person may have a support person present. Threats and deception are barred. The policy steps do not apply when delay would risk losing evidence or an imminent public safety threat, or when equivalent or Miranda advisements were given.",
   "forOfficers": "Give the four required statements before a formal interview of a family member, and never use deception in it.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "AB 572",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB572"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-733",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/california#sb-733",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Survivors may defer testing of a sexual assault kit",
   "type": "SB 733 (Stats. 2025, ch. 783)",
   "summary": "Penal Code 680, the Sexual Assault Victims’ DNA Bill of Rights, already let a victim ask that a kit not be tested. SB 733 restructures that right. A survivor aged 18 or older who has not decided whether to report may ask that the evidence not be tested. The investigating agency then holds the kit, or the lab returns it, until the survivor asks for testing.",
   "forPractitioners": "Agencies holding deferred kits should track them and submit them for testing when the survivor asks.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 733",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB733"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-524",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/california#sb-524",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Police reports drafted with AI must say so",
   "type": "SB 524 (Stats. 2025, ch. 587)",
   "summary": "New Penal Code 13663 requires each agency to have a policy that any official report written fully or partly with AI carries a disclosure statement and the officer’s signature. The first AI draft must be kept as long as the official report. A draft other than the official report is not an officer’s statement. Agencies must keep an audit trail, and vendors may not share or sell agency data except as the section allows.",
   "forPractitioners": "Ask for the first AI draft and the audit trail when a report carries the disclosure.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 524",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB524"
    },
    {
     "label": "Penal Code 13663",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=13663."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "ab-1036",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/california#ab-1036",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Postconviction discovery reaches more cases",
   "type": "AB 1036 (Stats. 2025, ch. 444)",
   "summary": "Discovery under Penal Code 1054.9 in habeas and motion-to-vacate cases now covers any felony that led to state prison. Before, it covered only serious or violent felonies with sentences of 15 years or more. Discovery materials now include materials held by the prosecution and law enforcement that tend to negate guilt, mitigate the offense or sentence, or are otherwise favorable, and anything the person would get if tried today. For felony convictions on or after July 1, 2026 that lead to state prison, trial counsel must keep the client’s file for the term of imprisonment; an electronic copy counts only if every item is copied digitally in color.",
   "forPractitioners": "In any felony case that led to state prison, use 1054.9 to get lab reports and bench notes after good-faith efforts to get them from trial counsel fail.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "AB 1036",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1036"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "frt-traffic",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/california#frt-traffic",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Facial recognition barred in new traffic camera programs",
   "type": "AB 645 (Stats. 2023, ch. 808); SB 1297 (Stats. 2024, ch. 631); AB 289 (Stats. 2025, ch. 684); SB 720 (Stats. 2025, ch. 782)",
   "summary": "Each act added a camera enforcement program to the Vehicle Code: sections 22425 (2024), 22435 (2025), and 22445 and 21455.9 (2026). Each section says the use of facial recognition technology with the system “shall be prohibited.” Sections 22425, 22435, and 22445 are repealed January 1, 2032.",
   "forPractitioners": "The ban covers only these camera programs. No California statute regulates police facial recognition in general.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Veh. Code 22425",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=22425."
    },
    {
     "label": "Veh. Code 21455.9",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=21455.9."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-104-0158",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/illinois#pa-104-0158",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Prior employers must hand over full records before a hire",
   "type": "P.A. 104-0158 (SB 1953)",
   "summary": "New 705/6.5: no agency may make a final offer to a full-time, part-time, or probationary officer without a signed release directing every prior employer to produce all employment records. These include background materials, fitness-for-duty exams, performance records, conduct investigations, arrests, and convictions. Prior employers must produce them within 14 days, with up to 14 more, and sign a verification that no known records were intentionally withheld. They must also certify that they know of no other credible, verifiable, relevant, and material information reflecting negatively on the applicant. Records come unredacted except for listed identifiers, and “no nondisclosure, separation, or settlement agreement shall prevent the production.” The hiring agency “shall receive and review all materials before making a final offer.” The section yields to collective bargaining agreements already in effect, which may not be renewed or modified in conflict, and to a written State’s Attorney directive that the employer may not legally release the records. Anyone releasing records in good faith is immune (6.5(j)). The act also adds Personnel Record Review Act section 8.5 (820 ILCS 40/8.5): an agency must release a complete personnel file on another agency’s written request within 14 days, plus up to 14, and settlement or separation terms that bar production are “null and void.” Such releases are exempt from the rule that deletes discipline records more than 4 years old. Counties of at least 75,000, other than counties over 1,000,000, that lack a sheriff’s merit board must now adopt the merit system (55 ILCS 5/3-8002).",
   "forOfficers": "A separation or settlement agreement will not keep your file from a future employer, unless a collective bargaining agreement in effect on January 1, 2026, a court sealing order, or a written State’s Attorney directive applies.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.A. 104-0158",
     "url": "https://ftp.ilga.gov/Public%20Acts/104/104-0158.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bill status",
     "url": "https://ftp.ilga.gov/Legislation/104/BillStatus/XML/10400SB1953.xml"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-104-0084",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/illinois#pa-104-0084",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Trauma-informed training added to the 3-year in-service",
   "type": "P.A. 104-0084 (SB 1195)",
   "summary": "Adds “trauma-informed programs, procedures, and practices meant to minimize traumatization of the victim” to the 30-hour, 3-year in-service under 705/7(g), and adds a trauma-informed block to the basic curriculum. The hours do not change.",
   "forOfficers": "Expect trauma-informed content in your next 3-year cycle.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.A. 104-0084",
     "url": "https://ftp.ilga.gov/Public%20Acts/104/104-0084.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-104-339",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/illinois#pa-104-339",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Lab deadlines for missing persons and unidentified remains DNA",
   "type": "P.A. 104-339 (SB 24)",
   "summary": "The Missing Persons Identification Act was rewritten. Police must enter a missing person report in LEADS immediately, try to collect DNA samples from family members, and send them to an accredited CODIS lab within 90 days of the report. State Police labs or other accredited labs upload the profiles to the state and national DNA indexes. A case still open after 60 days goes into NamUs. For unidentified remains, if fingerprints do not identify the person, a forensic odontologist must examine the teeth within 45 days of recovery. If that fails, blood, tissue, or bone goes to a CODIS accredited lab within 90 days. Badly decomposed or skeletal remains also get a forensic anthropology exam within 60 days.",
   "forPractitioners": "Check these deadlines when an identification came late in a death investigation.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.A. 104-339",
     "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/ftp/Public%20Acts/104/104-0339.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-104-24",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/illinois#pa-104-24",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Commission chair serves a 2-year term",
   "type": "P.A. 104-24 (SB 1764)",
   "summary": "Beginning January 1, 2026, the Governor names the chair of the Forensic Science Commission for a 2-year term (20 ILCS 2605/2605-615).",
   "forPractitioners": "Governance only; no change to lab duties.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "20 ILCS 2605/2605-615",
     "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/ftp/ILCS/Ch%200020/Act%202605/002026050K2605-615.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Nevada",
   "id": "ab-4-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/nevada#ab-4-2025",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Stalking law expanded to dating relationships and electronic conduct",
   "type": "AB 4, 36th Special Session (2025), chapter 9",
   "summary": "Expands NRS 200.575 to cover conduct causing fear for the safety of someone in a dating relationship with the victim, and provides that stalking includes acts committed in person and by electronic means. The existing exclusion of activities carried out in the normal course of lawful employment was relettered without change.",
   "forLicensees": "The lawful-employment exclusion was not changed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "36th Special Session, ch. 9",
     "url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Statutes/36thSS2025/Stats2025SS3601.html"
    },
    {
     "label": "NRS 200.575",
     "url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-200.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "09a-0204-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/north-carolina#09a-0204-2026",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "New discretionary grounds: untruthfulness and on-duty sexual activity",
   "type": "12 NCAC 09A .0204 (Criminal Justice Commission rule)",
   "summary": "The Criminal Justice Commission “may suspend, revoke, or deny” certification on two new grounds. Under (b)(17), the ground is sexual activity while on duty; in an agency vehicle; on the employing agency’s premises; in uniform in a public place; with an employee the officer supervises; or with a student in a Commission-approved course the officer teaches or directs. Under (b)(18), the ground is having “been found to be untruthful during a criminal or internal formal investigation conducted by a law enforcement agency.” A finding during a rules-violation investigation by the Criminal Justice or Sheriffs’ Standards Division, or by the Company and Campus Police Administrator, also counts. The amendment drops the former ground of discharge for “any other offense involving moral turpitude.” The motor-vehicle ground remains and now refers to an officer “separated” rather than “discharged.” Both new grounds are discretionary. They apply to Criminal Justice Commission certification, not the Sheriffs’ Commission’s.",
   "forOfficers": "A finding that you were untruthful in an internal investigation can now cost you your certification.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "12 NCAC 09 rules",
     "url": "http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2012%20-%20justice/chapter%2009%20-%20criminal%20justice%20education%20and%20training%20standards/chapter%2009%20rules.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oklahoma",
   "id": "hb-2104",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oklahoma#hb-2104",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "False statements on license applications become a Class D1 felony",
   "type": "HB 2104, Laws 2025, chapter 486, section 541",
   "summary": "Willfully making a false statement in, or committing fraud in connection with, an application to CLEET under the Act (59 O.S. 1750.11(B)) was a felony punishable by 2 to 5 years. It is now a Class D1 felony, punishable by up to 5 years for an offender without qualifying prior convictions (longer with them), with a fine of up to $2,000 unchanged.",
   "forLicensees": "Falsifying an application remains a felony; the fixed 2-year minimum no longer applies to first offenders.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "59 O.S. 1750.11",
     "url": "https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=96657"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oregon",
   "id": "hb-2008",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oregon#hb-2008",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Sale of precise location data banned",
   "type": "HB 2008, Oregon Laws 2025 chapter 251",
   "summary": "A controller covered by the Oregon Consumer Privacy Act may not sell personal data that locates a consumer, or a linked device, within 1,750 feet, or personal data of a consumer it knows, or willfully disregards, is under 16 (ORS 646A.578(2)(d)).",
   "forLicensees": "Covered data vendors may not sell precise location data on Oregon consumers to anyone.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2025 c.251",
     "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2025orLaw0251.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oregon",
   "id": "sb-1121",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oregon#sb-1121",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "New crime of unlawful disclosure of private information",
   "type": "SB 1121, Oregon Laws 2025 chapter 417 (ORS 163.720)",
   "summary": "It is a Class B misdemeanor to knowingly cause another person’s personal information, such as a home address, personal phone, or a child’s school, to be disclosed, when done with intent to stalk or injure the person or damage their property, knowing or having reason to know they did not consent, and the person is then stalked or injured or the property damaged.",
   "forLicensees": "The crime requires intent to stalk, injure, or damage property and resulting harm; it has no investigator exception.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2025 c.417",
     "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2025orLaw0417.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oregon",
   "id": "sb-797",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oregon#sb-797",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Accountant exception reworded",
   "type": "SB 797, Oregon Laws 2025 chapter 132, section 32",
   "summary": "Amends the accountant exception in ORS 703.411(18) to refer to an individual holding an active license under the revised accountancy law. It is the only amendment to ORS 703 from 2023 through October 2026.",
   "forLicensees": "The accountant exception still exists; only its definition changed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2025 c.132",
     "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2025orLaw0132.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Rhode Island",
   "id": "judicial-security",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/rhode-island#judicial-security",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Judges’ personal information must be taken down on request",
   "type": "Judicial Security Act, P.L. 2025, chs. 282 and 283 (R.I. Gen. Laws 8-15-12)",
   "summary": "After written notice from a covered state or federal judge, any person, data aggregator, or business must remove the judge’s or family’s listed personal information, including residence addresses and phone numbers, from publicly available content within 10 business days, and data aggregators may not sell it.",
   "forLicensees": "Honor removal requests for anything you publish online, and after a request do not transfer the judge’s or family’s personal information to others (8-15-12(c)(6)).",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "R.I. Gen. Laws 8-15-12",
     "url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE8/8-15/8-15-12.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Rhode Island",
   "id": "dtppa",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/rhode-island#dtppa",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "Data Transparency and Privacy Protection Act takes effect",
   "type": "P.L. 2024, chs. 430 and 453 (R.I. Gen. Laws ch. 6-48.1)",
   "summary": "Commercial websites and internet service providers that sell customers’ personally identifiable information must disclose the categories collected and the third parties it is sold to (6-48.1-3). Consumer rights and controller duties apply to businesses processing data of at least 35,000 customers, or 10,000 while deriving over 20% of revenue from selling personal data (6-48.1-4, -5, -7). Data handled in compliance with the FCRA or the Driver’s Privacy Protection Act is exempt; the Attorney General enforces.",
   "forLicensees": "Data vendors selling Rhode Island residents’ information must disclose buyers.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "R.I. Gen. Laws ch. 6-48.1",
     "url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE6/6-48.1/INDEX.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "military-rules-2026",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/texas#military-rules-2026",
   "date": "2026-01-01",
   "title": "DPS rules for military applicants with out-of-state licenses",
   "type": "Final rule, 37 TAC 35.183 and new 35.186",
   "summary": "Carries out HB 5629 (below). A military service member, veteran, or spouse may apply with a current license from another state that is similar in scope of practice and in good standing, or with a Texas license held in the past five years. New 35.186 says that when a military service member or military spouse asks DPS to recognize an out-of-state license under Occupations Code 55.0041, DPS will decide whether it is similar in scope by comparing the other state’s license requirements, statutes, rules, and application review with its own.",
   "forLicensees": "DPS compares the other state’s requirements, not only the scope of practice, before recognizing a service member’s or spouse’s out-of-state license.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Texas Register, adopted rules",
     "url": "https://www.sos.state.tx.us/texreg/archive/December262025/Adopted%20Rules/37.PUBLIC%20SAFETY%20AND%20CORRECTIONS.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "District of Columbia",
   "id": "law-26-55",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/district-of-columbia#law-26-55",
   "date": "2025-12-06",
   "title": "FBI Rap Back program for private detectives",
   "type": "D.C. Law 26-55, Fiscal Year 2026 Budget Support Act of 2025",
   "summary": "Adds D.C. Code 4-1551.01 to 4-1551.07. Private detectives, detective agencies, and security agencies fingerprinted for licensure are covered individuals. The Metropolitan Police Department must run a Rap Back program under which participating agencies may subscribe covered individuals to the FBI Rap Back service and be notified of later arrests (4-1551.04). The Department may set a subscription fee by rule.",
   "forLicensees": "If DLCP subscribes licensees, later arrests can reach it without self-reporting; no fee rule was found.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "D.C. Law 26-55",
     "url": "https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/laws/26-55"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Montana",
   "id": "mar-2025-22",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/montana#mar-2025-22",
   "date": "2025-12-06",
   "title": "Investigator fees cut to $80; photo ID rule",
   "type": "MAR Notice No. 2025-22",
   "summary": "Sets application and renewal fees at $80 for all license types (ARM 24.182.401); a private investigator previously paid $250 plus a $20 exam fee to apply and $175 to renew. The armed endorsement stays $50. Licensed investigators and supervised trainees already had to carry a photo ID card meeting the Department’s specifications; the amended rule (24.182.403) says “wear” in one paragraph and “wear or carry” in another, and the Department has said it will fix the wording.",
   "forLicensees": "Carry a compliant photo ID while working.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Notice of adoption",
     "url": "https://rules.mt.gov/api/policy-library-public/collections/5e1173a6-33c7-4df8-b426-5e0077cfc430/policies/5a710981-d8fa-4540-96fe-4a4f9a0081b5"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "New York",
   "id": "ch593-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/new-york#ch593-2025",
   "date": "2025-12-05",
   "title": "Candidates who fail screening can be removed from eligible lists",
   "type": "L. 2025, ch. 593 (S.946/A.3295)",
   "summary": "New CSL 58(1-a): if the appointing authority finds that a candidate does not meet the MPTC psychological fitness or good moral character standards, it “may request that the local civil service commissioner remove such candidate from the eligible list,” and the commissioner “shall comply forthwith.”",
   "forOfficers": "Failing the psychological or background screening can now take you off the civil service list.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.946, chapter 593 of 2025",
     "url": "https://nyassembly.gov/leg/?default_fld=&leg_video=&bn=S00946&term=2025&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Text=Y"
    },
    {
     "label": "CSL 58",
     "url": "https://legislation.nysenate.gov/pdf/laws/CVS58"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "sl-2025-70",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-carolina#sl-2025-70",
   "date": "2025-12-01",
   "title": "Secret photography law rewritten; licensee exemption kept",
   "type": "Session Law 2025-70, section 8",
   "summary": "Rewrites G.S. 14-202, the secret peeping and photography law. New subsection (e1), which replaces the former under-the-clothing offense in (e), makes it a Class I felony to knowingly create a photographic image of a person’s private area (naked or undergarment-clad genitals, pubic area, buttocks, or female breast) without consent, under circumstances in which the person has a reasonable expectation of privacy; that now includes circumstances where a reasonable person would believe the area is not visible to the public, whether in a public or private place (14-202(b)(4)). The existing exemption in 14-202(n) for people licensed under chapter 74C remains.",
   "forLicensees": "The 74C exemption still applies, but only to legal activities in the discharge of the licensee’s duties that are not for an improper purpose (14-202(n)).",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2025-70",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2025-2026/SL2025-70.html"
    },
    {
     "label": "G.S. 14-202",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-202.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "10b-0412",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/north-carolina#10b-0412",
   "date": "2025-12-01",
   "title": "Sheriffs’ Commission critical incident reporting",
   "type": "12 NCAC 10B .0412 (new Sheriffs’ Commission rule)",
   "summary": "The department head “shall submit” a Critical Incident Report, Form F-27, within 30 days of determining that an officer’s use of force caused death or serious bodily injury. The form gives the date, time, location, officer, and outcome. It tells the officer they have 30 days to ask a superior court whether they belong in the database. If the officer gives the Division no copy of a court filing in that time, the name is entered. Confidential information stays confidential. The Division keeps a statewide database for law enforcement agencies. The rule cites G.S. 17E-15 as its authority.",
   "forOfficers": "If you are reported, you have 30 days to go to superior court before your name is entered.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "12 NCAC 10B rules",
     "url": "http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2012%20-%20justice/chapter%2010%20-%20sheriffs'%20education%20and%20training%20standards%20commission/chapter%2010%20rules.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "mar-deadline",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/north-carolina#mar-deadline",
   "date": "2025-12-01",
   "title": "Seven-year deadline for noncapital motions for appropriate relief",
   "type": "S.L. 2025-70 (S.B. 429), s. 15",
   "summary": "New G.S. 15A-1415(a1) requires a noncapital motion for appropriate relief to be filed within seven years of the latest triggering event, such as the end of direct appeal. Some grounds may still be raised at any time. Newly discovered evidence was already one of them and still must be raised within a reasonable time of discovery. New for noncapital cases is good cause plus actual prejudice, or a fundamental miscarriage of justice. A retroactive significant change in law and a fully served sentence moved into the same list. Any ground may be raised at any time if the district attorney consents (new subsection (c1)).",
   "forPractitioners": "A claim resting only on discredited forensic testimony, filed late, needs an exception or the prosecutor’s consent. Convictions before December 1, 2025 are not affected.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2025-70",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2025-2026/SL2025-70.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "capital-mar",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/north-carolina#capital-mar",
   "date": "2025-12-01",
   "title": "Capital postconviction hearings within 24 months",
   "type": "S.L. 2025-93 (H.B. 307), s. 6",
   "summary": "A hearing on a capital motion for appropriate relief must be held within 24 months of filing unless the court finds extraordinary circumstances in writing (G.S. 15A-1415(a)). This applies to pending motions; motions filed more than 24 months before December 1, 2025 must be scheduled by December 1, 2026 and heard by December 1, 2027. New G.S. 15A-2007 puts venue for postconviction filings by death-sentenced defendants in the county of conviction.",
   "forPractitioners": "Forensic claims in capital cases now move on a fixed schedule. The grounds for relief did not change.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2025-93",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2025-2026/SL2025-93.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "nieves-sbs",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/new-jersey#nieves-sbs",
   "date": "2025-11-20",
   "title": "Shaken Baby Syndrome testimony based on shaking alone excluded under Frye",
   "type": "State v. Nieves and State v. Cifelli (N.J. Supreme Court, A-26/27-23)",
   "summary": "The Court affirmed exclusion of State expert testimony that shaking alone, without impact, caused the triad of symptoms. The State “has not met its burden in establishing the reliability of SBS/AHT testimony here” under Frye, which governed because the matters were ruled on before Olenowski. The State may still present physical evidence of trauma or other abuse, and may try a future Daubert showing on new science. Justice Wainer Apter dissented, noting that every other state admits the testimony.",
   "forPractitioners": "In a pending or past shaking-only case, the ruling supports a challenge to the medical testimony; it does not bar evidence of impact or other abuse.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "State v. Nieves",
     "url": "https://www.njcourts.gov/system/files/court-opinions/2025/a_26_27_23.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "rule-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#rule-2025",
   "date": "2025-11-15",
   "title": "P.O.S.T. rules carry out HB25-1136 and set a federal reciprocity pilot",
   "type": "4 CCR 901-1, tracking no. 2025-00362",
   "summary": "The rulemaking puts HB25-1136 into the rules and clarifies procedures. Rule 11(i) sets a Federal Reciprocity Provisional Certification Pilot, stated as effective July 9, 2025. It “expires on December 31, 2026,” unless the Board extends it. Participants must meet C.R.S. 24-31-308: at least 1 of the preceding 3 years in good standing as the federal equivalent of a certified officer. Substantial equivalence to Colorado standards is not required, and military police count as federal officers for the pilot.",
   "forOfficers": "If you served as a federal officer or military police and a Colorado agency hires you or gives you a notarized intent-to-hire letter, the pilot may let you certify without showing substantially equivalent training, after gap training set by the hiring agency, until the end of 2026.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rulemaking 2025-00362",
     "url": "https://www.coloradosos.gov/CCR/eDocketDetails.do?trackingNum=2025-00362"
    },
    {
     "label": "4 CCR 901-1",
     "url": "https://www.coloradosos.gov/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=12227"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "comar-12-04-09-2025-nov",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/maryland#comar-12-04-09-2025-nov",
   "date": "2025-11-10",
   "title": "Charging-committee rules carry out the 2025 deadlines, reach agency-started complaints, and limit who can be charged",
   "type": "COMAR 12.04.09.04B, .06E and F, and .07B(5) (proposed at 52:18 Md. R. 929; final at 52:22 Md. R. 1096)",
   "summary": "New .06E: for alleged misconduct involving a member of the public, the investigating unit “shall” forward its findings to the administrative charging committee (ACC) within 334 days after a public complaint “or initiation of a complaint by the law enforcement agency in the absence of a complaint by a member of the public.” The statute speaks only of public complaints. The ACC decides or asks for more investigation within 30 days, and the process ends within 395 days after a public complaint. New .06F repeats the statute’s 1-year-and-1-day charging rule for misconduct under criminal investigation. Amended .04B says that for complaints not involving the public, agencies “shall” use the Uniform State Disciplinary Matrix when a complaint results in a charge, and charges “must” be filed within 1 year and 1 day under 3-113(c). New .07B(5): an ACC “may not” administratively charge an officer who was not the subject of the investigating unit’s findings, and must instead request more investigation into that officer.",
   "forOfficers": "A charging committee cannot charge you on another officer’s file; it must send your conduct back for its own investigation.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "COMAR 12.04.09",
     "url": "https://regs.maryland.gov/us/md/exec/comar/12.04.09"
    },
    {
     "label": "Maryland Register 52:18 (archived)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260117140543/https://dsd.maryland.gov/MDRIssues/5218/Assembled.aspx"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "rule-223-19",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#rule-223-19",
   "date": "2025-11-01",
   "title": "New revocation grounds",
   "type": "37 TAC 223.19 (amended)",
   "summary": "Makes revocation mandatory for any Penal Code chapter 39 abuse-of-office conviction or community supervision. Allows revocation for offenses against vulnerable people (under 18, over 65, disabled, intoxicated, or in custody) and for animal cruelty.",
   "forOfficers": "An official oppression or other abuse-of-office conviction, or community supervision for one, now requires revocation of your Texas license.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule 223.19",
     "url": "https://www.tcole.texas.gov/document/adopted-rule-22319-amended.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "rule-211-29-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#rule-211-29-2025",
   "date": "2025-11-01",
   "title": "Agencies must investigate misconduct and report to TCOLE",
   "type": "37 TAC 211.29 (amended)",
   "summary": "Implements the SB 1445 model policies: agencies must investigate misconduct allegations, submit reports to TCOLE, and keep and submit personnel and department files.",
   "forOfficers": "A misconduct investigation continues and is reported even if you leave the agency.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule 211.29",
     "url": "https://www.tcole.texas.gov/document/adopted-rule-21129-amended.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "reg-1201-1202",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#reg-1201-1202",
   "date": "2025-10-28",
   "title": "Certificate and Proof of Eligibility rules clarified",
   "type": "Commission Regulations 1201, 1202, and 1003",
   "summary": "Clarifies the requirements for the Proof of Eligibility and the Basic Certificate, the reasons POST denies a Notice of Appointment, cancellation of a Proof of Eligibility obtained by fraud, how the public can check certification status, and terms used in serious misconduct hearings.",
   "forOfficers": "Check that your Proof of Eligibility and certificate records are accurate; fraud in obtaining them can lead to cancellation.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Bulletin 2025-23",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/bulletin/2025-23.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bulletin 2025-12",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/bulletin/2025-12.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "wsr-25-19-056",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#wsr-25-19-056",
   "date": "2025-10-12",
   "title": "Hearing rules conformed to SB 5224",
   "type": "WSR 25-19-056",
   "summary": "Conforms the CJTC hearing rules to SB 5224 (2025): the administrative law judge no longer issues a proposed recommendation.",
   "forOfficers": "In a certification hearing, the panel decides without a proposed recommendation from the judge.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "WSR 25-19-056",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/law/wsr/2025/19/25-19-056.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-861",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/california#sb-861",
   "date": "2025-10-10",
   "title": "Showing records to BSIS does not waive attorney privilege",
   "type": "Senate Bill 861, Chapter 592, Statutes of 2025",
   "summary": "Amends section 7524(e). Making signed client agreements and investigative findings available for BSIS inspection does not violate the rules on attorney work product, the attorney’s duty of confidentiality under section 6068(e), or the attorney-client privilege.",
   "forLicensees": "Investigators working for attorneys can produce the required records to BSIS without that being treated as a privilege or work product violation.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 861",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB861"
    },
    {
     "label": "Section 7524",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&sectionNum=7524."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "bsis-fees-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/california#bsis-fees-2025",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Licensing fees rise 10 percent",
   "type": "Final rule, 16 CCR 638 to 642.5 (OAL Matter 2025-0505-01)",
   "summary": "BSIS raised its licensing fees 10 percent, citing projected insolvency. Under 16 CCR 639, PI fees went from $340 to $374 for the application and exam, $385 to $424 for the original license, $400 to $440 for an assignment, and $265 to $292 for renewal. Applications received or postmarked on or after October 1, 2025 pay the new fees.",
   "forLicensees": "A renewal now costs $292, or $438 if delinquent.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "BSIS fee notice",
     "url": "https://www.bsis.ca.gov/forms_pubs/notice_fee_increase.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Approved regulations, 2025",
     "url": "https://www.bsis.ca.gov/about_us/laws/approved_regs2025.shtml"
    },
    {
     "label": "Fee schedule",
     "url": "https://www.bsis.ca.gov/forms_pubs/newfees.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "sb24-041",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/colorado#sb24-041",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Privacy Act protections for minors’ data",
   "type": "SB 24-041",
   "summary": "Bars controllers that offer online services to known minors from processing their data for targeted advertising or sale, or collecting precise geolocation, without consent, regardless of the Colorado Privacy Act’s volume thresholds.",
   "forLicensees": "Less commercial geolocation data on minors will be available.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 24-041",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-041"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "District of Columbia",
   "id": "law-24-333",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/district-of-columbia#law-24-333",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Detective licensing moves to DLCP occupational licensing",
   "type": "D.C. Law 24-333; start date set by D.C. Law 25-217, sec. 7286",
   "summary": "Repeals D.C. Code 47-2839 and 47-2839.01 and adds 47-2853.207 and 47-2853.208, under which individual detectives need an occupational license and agencies a public safety services license, each with Chief of Police approval. DLCP may issue civil penalties, suspend or revoke detective licenses, and set qualifications and fees by rule. D.C. Law 25-217 (effective September 18, 2024) fixed the October 1, 2025 start date.",
   "forLicensees": "17 DCMR chapter 20 has not been amended or repealed and remains in the DCMR; no new DLCP rules were found.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "D.C. Law 24-333",
     "url": "https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/laws/24-333"
    },
    {
     "label": "D.C. Law 25-217",
     "url": "https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/laws/25-217"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "ch-2025-71",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/florida#ch-2025-71",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Tracking to commit a dangerous crime becomes a second-degree felony",
   "type": "CS/SB 1168, Chapter 2025-71, Laws of Florida",
   "summary": "Amends s. 934.425(5). Unlawful tracking remains a third-degree felony, but tracking done to commit or facilitate a dangerous crime listed in s. 907.041(5)(a) is a second-degree felony.",
   "forLicensees": "Unlawful tracking is also a ground for discipline under s. 493.6118(1)(y).",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 2025-71",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/2025/71"
    },
    {
     "label": "Section 934.425",
     "url": "http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0900-0999/0934/Sections/0934.425.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "ch-575-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maryland#ch-575-2025",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Residential visual surveillance added to harassment and peace orders",
   "type": "Chapter 575 of 2025 (SB 92); crossfile Chapter 574 (HB 236)",
   "summary": "Criminal Law 3-803(b) now prohibits visual surveillance of an area of another person’s residence where they have a reasonable expectation of privacy, when done with intent to harass, alarm, or annoy, after a reasonable warning or request to stop, and without a legal purpose. All three conditions must be met. A peace order may require the surveillance device to be removed or repositioned.",
   "forLicensees": "Surveillance of private areas of a residence that continues after a request to stop, with intent to harass and without a legal purpose, can support a harassment charge or a peace order.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 575",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2025RS/Chapters_noln/CH_575_sb0092t.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "ch-152-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maryland#ch-152-2025",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Visual surveillance law covers residences; licensed detective exception unchanged",
   "type": "Chapter 152 of 2025 (SB 348); crossfile Chapter 153 (HB 437)",
   "summary": "Amends the visual surveillance with prurient intent law, Criminal Law 3-902, so that a residence, and any other place of private or public use, is now one of the listed places where a “private place” (a room in which a person can reasonably be expected to fully or partially disrobe and has a reasonable expectation of privacy) can be. The existing exception for a person who holds a Title 13 license and acts within the scope of the occupation without prurient intent was not changed.",
   "forLicensees": "The exception for licensed private detectives acting within the scope of their work without prurient intent still applies.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 152",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2025RS/Chapters_noln/CH_152_sb0348t.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "modpa-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maryland#modpa-2025",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Maryland Online Data Privacy Act takes effect",
   "type": "Chapter 455 of 2024 (SB 541); crossfile Chapter 454 (HB 567)",
   "summary": "Applies to businesses that controlled or processed the personal data of at least 35,000 Maryland consumers in the prior year, or at least 10,000 while getting more than 20 percent of gross revenue from selling personal data. Publicly available information is not personal data, and the Act exempts activity regulated by the Fair Credit Reporting Act, data handled in compliance with the Driver’s Privacy Protection Act, and processing to investigate or defend legal claims. It has no exemption naming private detectives.",
   "forLicensees": "Whether the Act reaches an agency depends on its thresholds and general exemptions.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 455",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2024RS/Chapters_noln/CH_455_sb0541e.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "ch-493-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/maryland#ch-493-2025",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "New deadlines for misconduct investigations and administrative charges",
   "type": "2025 Laws ch. 493 (SB 533), amending Public Safety 3-113",
   "summary": "For an incident involving a member of the public, unless the conduct is under criminal investigation, the investigating unit “shall” forward its findings to the ACC within 334 days after the public complaint is filed. The ACC “shall” decide or ask for more investigation within 30 days, and the whole process “shall” end within 395 days of the complaint. Before, the limit was 1 year and 1 day. For misconduct an ACC does not review, the agency “shall” file any charges within 1 year and 1 day after the appropriate official, as set by agency policy, learned of it. If the misconduct is under criminal investigation, charges are due within 1 year and 1 day after the date of: a timely finding that it is not criminal, the disposition of all criminal charges, or timely notice that the prosecutor declined to charge.",
   "forOfficers": "If your conduct is under criminal investigation, the 1-year-and-1-day charging clock starts only when the matter is found not criminal, the charges are disposed of, or the prosecutor declines to charge.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2025 Laws ch. 493",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2025RS/Chapters_noln/CH_493_sb0533e.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Public Safety 3-113",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Laws/StatuteText?article=gps&section=3-113&enactments=false"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "fgg-affidavit",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/maryland#fgg-affidavit",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Genetic genealogy affidavit: unknown perpetrator, and no need to exhaust every lead",
   "type": "2025 Md. Laws ch. 135 (HB 301), Crim. Proc. 17-101, 17-102",
   "summary": "The sworn affidavit an agent must submit, with prosecutor approval, to get judicial authorization for genetic genealogy now must state that “the identity of the perpetrator is unknown” (17-102(b)(1)(i)). The existing criteria were renumbered: a qualifying crime, a sample believed to come from the putative perpetrator, a profile already searched in state and national databases without a match, and, except in ongoing-threat cases, reasonable investigative leads pursued and failed ((b)(1)(v)). The bill as introduced would have deleted the leads requirement; that deletion was removed before passage. New (b)(2) says nothing in the subsection requires “that all investigative leads have been exhausted.”",
   "forPractitioners": "The affidavit must still show reasonable leads were pursued, but not that every lead was exhausted.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2025 Md. Laws ch. 135",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2025RS/Chapters_noln/CH_135_hb0301e.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "dna-database-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/maryland#dna-database-2025",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "DNA database adds sex offender registrants and ties arrestee testing to probable cause",
   "type": "2025 Md. Laws chs. 91 and 92 (HB 259 / SB 202), Pub. Safety 2-501, 2-504, 2-511",
   "summary": "People required to register as sex offenders must give a sample when they first register (2-504(a)(4)). The old rule that an arrestee sample could not be tested “prior to the first scheduled arraignment date” was replaced: testing may occur only after a probable cause finding, an arrest on a warrant, an information or an indictment for a qualifying crime, or with consent. Refusal is now a misdemeanor with a fine of up to $1,000. An untested arrestee sample that never met the testing conditions is destroyed after 2 years. Automatic expungement does not apply while a trial on a qualifying charge “remains pending for any reason” (2-511(a)(3)). A transition rule requires destroying, by October 1, 2028, pre-act samples not tested by November 1, 2027.",
   "forPractitioners": "A registrant can be in the database without a Maryland felony conviction; check the basis for any profile.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2025 Md. Laws ch. 91",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2025RS/Chapters_noln/CH_91_hb0259t.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "ch. 92",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2025RS/Chapters_noln/CH_92_sb0202e.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Montana",
   "id": "hb-435",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/montana#hb-435",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Duty to report actions; fines up to $5,000; client confidences protected",
   "type": "HB 435, Ch. 284, L. 2025",
   "summary": "Licensees must report actions bearing on their qualifications within 30 days of final disposition (MCA 37-1-150). The maximum fine for program licensees rises from $1,000 to $5,000 per violation (37-1-406), and revealing a client’s confidential information without consent becomes unprofessional conduct (37-1-410).",
   "forLicensees": "Report qualifying actions within 30 days.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 435",
     "url": "https://bills.legmt.gov/#/laws/bill/2/LC0453"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Montana",
   "id": "hb-414",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/montana#hb-414",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Provisional licenses for applicants still completing requirements",
   "type": "HB 414, Ch. 279, L. 2025",
   "summary": "Allows a provisional license for an otherwise eligible applicant with pending conditions such as the exam or supervised experience (MCA 37-1-144), and lets a PI applicant who has not met the training and exam requirements apply for one (37-60-303(4)).",
   "forLicensees": "The program’s rules still call this the PI trainee provisional permit.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 414",
     "url": "https://bills.legmt.gov/#/laws/bill/2/LC0214"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Montana",
   "id": "sb-297",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/montana#sb-297",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Consumer Data Privacy Act thresholds lowered",
   "type": "SB 297, Ch. 567, L. 2025",
   "summary": "The act now applies to businesses controlling or processing data of 25,000 or more consumers (down from 50,000), or 15,000 or more (down from 25,000) if over 25% of revenue comes from selling personal data (MCA 30-14-2803).",
   "forLicensees": "More data vendors are covered.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 297",
     "url": "https://bills.legmt.gov/#/laws/bill/2/LC0372"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Montana",
   "id": "hb-276",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/montana#hb-276",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Address duty moved; notices may be served electronically",
   "type": "HB 276, Ch. 247, L. 2025",
   "summary": "Moves the existing duty to report address changes within 30 days into MCA 37-1-143 and adds a duty to keep an e-mail address current for licensees who consent to electronic service. Disciplinary notices may now be served electronically with consent, by certified mail to the most recent address, or in person, and the time to request a hearing becomes 21 days (37-1-403).",
   "forLicensees": "A stale address can lead to a default decision.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 276",
     "url": "https://bills.legmt.gov/#/laws/bill/2/LC0215"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Montana",
   "id": "hb-514",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/montana#hb-514",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Intimate image offenses extended to fabricated images",
   "type": "HB 514, Ch. 686, L. 2025",
   "summary": "Extends MCA 45-8-213, which already barred publishing real intimate images to harass, to digitally fabricated images, to disclosures made to obtain money, and to threatening to disclose such images for money. The hidden-device recording offense, which requires the knowledge of all parties, is unchanged.",
   "forLicensees": "Montana’s all-party rule for hidden recording is unchanged.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 514",
     "url": "https://bills.legmt.gov/#/laws/bill/2/LC3972"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "sl-2025-51",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-carolina#sl-2025-51",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Wider trainee permits, new denial grounds, and a LEOSA carry exemption",
   "type": "Session Law 2025-51 (Senate Bill 710), Parts II and III",
   "summary": "Trainee permits, already available for private investigators, now extend to polygraph, electronic countermeasures, and digital forensic examiner licenses, under the same 5-trainee cap (74C-2(c), 74C-9(i)). New grounds to deny or revoke a license include false statements in an audit and committing larceny, burglary, a sexual offense, or forgery (74C-12(a)). Any licensee, not only a private investigator, may now be approved to carry concealed on duty (74C-13(n)), and a licensee authorized under the federal Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act (18 U.S.C. 926B or 926C) no longer needs a state concealed handgun permit (new 74C-13(p)), though the Board’s concealed carry endorsement is still required (14B NCAC 16 .0808(c)). The Board may now see expunged criminal records for licensing (G.S. 15A-151(a)(10)), and may charge up to $100 to review a continuing education course (74C-9(e)(17)).",
   "forLicensees": "Expunged records can now be weighed in licensing decisions. Qualified current and retired officers can rely on LEOSA instead of a state concealed handgun permit, but still need the Board’s endorsement.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2025-51",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2025-2026/SL2025-51.html"
    },
    {
     "label": "SB 710",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/BillLookUp/2025/S710"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "09e-0111",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/north-carolina#09e-0111",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "In-service training: where it can be taken; motor skills in person",
   "type": "12 NCAC 09E .0111 (new Criminal Justice Commission rule)",
   "summary": "The new rule restates that failing to complete the required annual in-service topics leads to summary suspension. That has been mandatory under 09A .0206 since March 1, 2024. What is new: topics must be taken in person, through the North Carolina Justice Training and Certification portal, or at a North Carolina community college. Training that involves a motor-skills assessment or qualification must be in person with certified Specialized Instructors. Separately, 09E .0108 was amended May 1, 2025 to take in the 24-credit minimum and the option of IADLEST National Certification Program courses. Both came from 09E .0105, which was repealed November 1, 2024; they were already in that rule in 2022.",
   "forOfficers": "Take firearms and other motor-skills in-service in person with a certified Specialized Instructor.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "12 NCAC 09 rules",
     "url": "http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2012%20-%20justice/chapter%2009%20-%20criminal%20justice%20education%20and%20training%20standards/chapter%2009%20rules.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "digital-examiners",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/north-carolina#digital-examiners",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Trainee permits for private digital forensic examiners",
   "type": "S.L. 2025-51, Part II, s. 2",
   "summary": "The Private Protective Services Board may now issue a trainee permit in place of a digital forensic examiner license, as it already could for private investigators, if the trainee works under a licensee’s direct supervision (G.S. 74C-2(c)). A licensed digital forensic examiner may supervise no more than five trainees at a time.",
   "forPractitioners": "A private digital examiner may be a trainee; ask who supervised the work.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2025-51",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2025-2026/SL2025-51.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "eshb-1439",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/washington#eshb-1439",
   "date": "2025-10-01",
   "title": "Vehicle owners told the requester is an investigator",
   "type": "ESHB 1439, 2025 c 23 s 3",
   "summary": "Amends RCW 46.12.635(4), under which the Department releases vehicle and vessel owner records to attorneys and private investigators. When a request is granted, the notice sent to the owner now states the requester’s occupation, replacing the earlier process in which the owner had 5 days to ask the Department about the requester.",
   "forLicensees": "Owners whose records are released are told the request came from a private investigator.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2025 c 23",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2025-26/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/1439-S.SL.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "hb-96",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/ohio#hb-96",
   "date": "2025-09-30",
   "title": "Nuclear plant security staff excluded from licensing",
   "type": "House Bill 96, 136th General Assembly",
   "summary": "The state budget amended ORC 4749.01 to exclude security personnel and contractors working under an approved physical protection program at a federally licensed commercial nuclear power plant from the licensing chapter.",
   "forLicensees": "No change for private investigators.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "ORC 4749.01",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-4749.01"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 96",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/136/hb96"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "hb-96-lapse",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/ohio#hb-96-lapse",
   "date": "2025-09-30",
   "title": "A service gap no longer makes a certificate insufficient; refresher training required first",
   "type": "Am. Sub. HB 96 (136th GA)",
   "summary": "New R.C. 109.77(M) says a basic-training certificate “shall not be deemed insufficient” for appointment “because of a lapse in the person’s service.” An officer re-appointed after at least 1 year out must first complete refresher training: up to 40 hours for a gap of 1 to under 4 years, and 80 hours for 4 years or more. R.C. 109.73(A)(20) has OPOTC recommend refresher rules. Before, the rule required the full basic course after more than 4 years out. The new rule took effect May 29, 2026.",
   "forOfficers": "Returning after 4 or more years out now takes 80 hours of refresher training, not the full academy.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "R.C. 109.77",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-109.77"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 96 status",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/136/hb96/status"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "hb-96-records",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/ohio#hb-96-records",
   "date": "2025-09-30",
   "title": "Investigatory records exemption restructured; plate-reader data exempted",
   "type": "Am. Sub. HB 96 (136th GA)",
   "summary": "R.C. 149.43(A)(2) is restructured. The definition of a confidential law enforcement investigatory record is renumbered, not rewritten. A new definition of “specific investigatory work product” covers information law enforcement compiles for a probable or pending criminal or civil proceeding, not routine incident reports. It stays non-public until direct appeals end, or until the matter otherwise ends or is dropped. The act sets time limits on trial preparation records and adds an exemption for attorney work product records. New exemption (yy) covers images and data from automated license-plate readers kept in a law enforcement database. The video-fee rules from HB 315 now also cover prosecutors’ offices, and a new (B)(11) bars fees for crime victims, tort-claim victims, and their counsel or insurer, on affidavit.",
   "forOfficers": "Investigative work product compiled for a probable or pending criminal or civil case, which may include one about an officer, can stay closed until the case ends.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "R.C. 149.43 as of September 30, 2025",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-149.43/9-30-2025"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 96 status",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/136/hb96/status"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "sb-1618",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/arizona#sb-1618",
   "date": "2025-09-26",
   "title": "Agency licenses move to four-year terms",
   "type": "Senate Bill 1618, Laws 2025, Chapter 12",
   "summary": "Amends A.R.S. 32-2425(A) so agency licenses are issued for four years instead of two; employee registrations already run with the agency license. It deleted the sentence in 32-2407(B) that barred renewing a license or registration more than 90 days after expiration, while keeping the ban on working between expiration and renewal. It also lets DPS run periodic criminal history checks rather than only state checks (32-2423, 32-2442). The DPS rules were not updated to match: R13-2-101(4) still defines “delinquent” by the deleted grace period.",
   "forLicensees": "Agency licenses issued after the change run four years, and the statute no longer sets a 90-day limit on renewing after expiration.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2025, Ch. 12",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/57leg/1r/laws/0012.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "A.R.S. 32-2407",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/ars/32/02407.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "ch-14-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/arizona#ch-14-2025",
   "date": "2025-09-26",
   "title": "Investigation materials due at least 24 hours before an administrative interview",
   "type": "Laws 2025, Ch. 14 (SB 1060), amending A.R.S. 38-1104(A)(2)",
   "summary": "The employer already had to give relevant, readily available materials, including complaints, with the written notice of an interview. Now it “shall” give them “at least twenty-four hours before the interview.” There are three exceptions: the officer waives it; the employer decides an earlier interview is needed to protect the integrity of the officer’s statement; or circumstances “require the interview to be completed twenty-four hours after a major law enforcement incident.”",
   "forOfficers": "Expect the complaint and related materials a day before your interview, unless an exception applies.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2025, Ch. 14",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/57Leg/1R/laws/0014.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "A.R.S. 38-1104",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/ars/38/01104.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "ch-70-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/arizona#ch-70-2025",
   "date": "2025-09-26",
   "title": "Promoted officers who fail probation can be demoted, not fired",
   "type": "Laws 2025, Ch. 70 (SB 1461), amending A.R.S. 38-1104",
   "summary": "New 38-1104(E): an employer “may not” terminate an officer who is promoted above their current rank and placed on probation for failing that probation, but “may” demote them. An employer may still terminate any officer with just cause. The section does not apply to recruits promoted to officer after the academy. Lateral transfers on initial probation “may” be terminated for failing it.",
   "forOfficers": "Failing a promotional probation now costs the promotion, not the job.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2025, Ch. 70",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/57Leg/1R/laws/0070.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "A.R.S. 38-1104",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/ars/38/01104.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oregon",
   "id": "sb-993",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oregon#sb-993",
   "date": "2025-09-26",
   "title": "Booking photos may be released to licensed investigators",
   "type": "SB 993, Oregon Laws 2025 chapter 95",
   "summary": "Adds ORS 133.870(2)(h), allowing a law enforcement agency to release a booking photo to an investigator licensed under ORS 703.430. Release is permitted, not required.",
   "forLicensees": "An agency may, but need not, release a booking photo to a licensed investigator.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2025 c.95",
     "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2025orLaw0095.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maine",
   "id": "pl-2025-c388",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maine#pl-2025-c388",
   "date": "2025-09-24",
   "title": "Concealed handgun permit fees increased",
   "type": "P.L. 2025, c. 388, Part VVV",
   "summary": "Raises the resident concealed handgun permit fee from $35 to $50 and the renewal from $20 to $35, and the nonresident fee from $60 to $80 (25 M.R.S. 2003).",
   "forLicensees": "Armed investigators need this permit (32 M.R.S. 8120-A).",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L. 2025, c. 388",
     "url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/ros/LawsOfMaine/breeze/Law/getDocById/?docId=120510"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "id": "post-probation-sop",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/georgia#post-probation-sop",
   "date": "2025-09-23",
   "title": "Executive director may suspend officers who break POST probation",
   "type": "POST Council Standard Operating Procedure Governing POST Probation Cases (not a rule)",
   "summary": "The POST Council approved a procedure under which “the Executive Director of POST now has the authority to Suspend the Certification of an Officer who is not in compliance with the conditions of their POST sanctioned probation.” The suspension lasts until the officer is back in compliance.",
   "forOfficers": "If you are on POST probation, missing a condition can lead to suspension until you comply.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "POST update, September 24, 2025",
     "url": "https://gapost.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Sept.-2025-POST-Update-1.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "id": "bletc-hours",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/georgia#bletc-hours",
   "date": "2025-09-23",
   "title": "Basic academy about doubled: 408 to 809 hours, then 784",
   "type": "POST Council curriculum votes (not a rule or statute)",
   "summary": "In June 2024 the POST Council approved a curriculum update for the Basic Law Enforcement Training Course, “increasing the training hours to 809 hours from the 408 hours that had not seen a major curriculum update in 15 years.” On September 23, 2025, it voted a revised curriculum totaling 784 hours. POST did not state the date academies had to start using each curriculum.",
   "forOfficers": "Recruits now face an academy of about 784 hours, nearly twice the old length.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "POST update, September 24, 2025",
     "url": "https://gapost.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Sept.-2025-POST-Update-1.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-805",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/california#sb-805",
   "date": "2025-09-20",
   "title": "Bail recovery role may not be used for immigration enforcement without a judicial warrant",
   "type": "Senate Bill 805, Chapter 126, Statutes of 2025",
   "summary": "Amends Penal Code 1299.07. Anyone authorized to apprehend bail fugitives under section 1299.02, which includes licensed private investigators who are also bail fugitive recovery agents, may not use that position for immigration enforcement, or disclose a bail fugitive’s personally identifiable information requested for immigration enforcement, except under a valid judicial warrant or court order.",
   "forLicensees": "Applies only to investigators who also do bail fugitive recovery.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 805",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB805"
    },
    {
     "label": "Penal Code 1299.07",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=1299.07."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-805",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#sb-805",
   "date": "2025-09-20",
   "title": "Visible identification required during enforcement duties",
   "type": "SB 805 (2025), ch. 126 (urgency)",
   "summary": "By January 1, 2026, every law enforcement agency operating in California must post a written policy requiring sworn personnel to display their agency and a name or badge number during enforcement duties, with listed exemptions such as undercover work, protective equipment that prevents display, exigent circumstances, and specific safety threats (Gov. Code 7288). From January 1, 2026, a non-uniformed officer who willfully and knowingly fails to display identification commits a misdemeanor, with further exemptions for SWAT and protective details (PC 13654). PC 13654 does not apply to an agency, or its personnel, that maintains and posts a policy under Gov. Code 7288. Both sections name federal officers; challenges to that coverage were not checked for this page.",
   "forOfficers": "Display your agency and name or badge number during arrests, detentions, and crowd control unless an exemption in your agency’s policy applies.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 805",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB805"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-160",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/california#sb-160",
   "date": "2025-09-17",
   "title": "Fingerprint background check routed through the Department of Justice",
   "type": "Senate Bill 160, Chapter 113, Statutes of 2025",
   "summary": "Adds section 7525.3. BSIS must require every PI license applicant and every qualified manager to undergo a fingerprint-based state and national criminal history check. Fingerprints of individual applicants, partners, corporate officers, LLC members and managers, and qualified managers go to the Department of Justice, which returns state and federal results.",
   "forLicensees": "No new step for applicants. Section 7525.1(e) already required fingerprints for an FBI background check; new section 7525.3 adds express authority for BSIS to get state and federal results through the Department of Justice.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 160",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB160"
    },
    {
     "label": "Section 7525.3",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&sectionNum=7525.3."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-160",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#sb-160",
   "date": "2025-09-17",
   "title": "Fingerprint-based national background check required",
   "type": "SB 160 (2025), ch. 113",
   "summary": "Gov. Code 1030 now requires agencies to run a fingerprint-based state and national criminal history check on every peace officer and applicant through the Department of Justice. The prior section required only that fingerprints be furnished to the Department of Justice and the FBI, though Gov. Code 1031(c) already required every peace officer to be fingerprinted for a search of local, state, and national files.",
   "forOfficers": "Expect a national fingerprint check at hiring.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 160",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB160"
    },
    {
     "label": "Gov. Code 1030",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&sectionNum=1030"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Michigan",
   "id": "hb-4888",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/michigan#hb-4888",
   "date": "2025-09-11",
   "title": "Collection agency exemption bill pending in committee",
   "type": "Bill, pending",
   "summary": "Would amend the Act’s list of exemptions (MCL 338.824) to revise its references to collection agencies. It takes effect only if House Bill 4887, which would change collection agency licensing under the Occupational Code, is also enacted. Both bills were referred to the House Committee on Regulatory Reform on September 11, 2025. No further action is recorded as of October 15, 2026.",
   "forLicensees": "Nothing has changed. The bill does not alter licensing, renewal, or bond requirements for professional investigators.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 4888 status",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Bills/Bill?ObjectName=2025-HB-4888"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bill text",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2025-2026/billintroduced/House/htm/2025-HIB-4888.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 4887 status",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Bills/Bill?ObjectName=2025-HB-4887"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "ilrb-1240-repeal",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/illinois#ilrb-1240-repeal",
   "date": "2025-09-10",
   "title": "Labor Relations Board repeals its decertification rules",
   "type": "80 Ill. Adm. Code 1240 (repealed)",
   "summary": "The Illinois Labor Relations Board repealed Part 1240, “Police Officer Decertification Proceedings,” “because amendments to the Illinois Police Training Act have transferred these proceedings to the Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board.”",
   "forOfficers": "Decertification cases go through ILETSB, not the Labor Relations Board.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "JCAR Flinn Report, September 26, 2025",
     "url": "https://ilga.gov/documents/commission/jcar/flinn/20250926_September%2026,%202025%20-%20Issue%2039.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "rules-2025-sep",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/arizona#rules-2025-sep",
   "date": "2025-09-05",
   "title": "Shorter look-backs for past marijuana use and juvenile conduct; certification exam split into sections",
   "type": "A.A.C. R13-4-103, -105, -107, -110, -111 (31 A.A.R. 924)",
   "summary": "These rules take effect 6 months after filing, as A.R.S. 41-1823(A) requires. In R13-4-105 the marijuana look-back drops from “the past two years” to “the past six months.” For a juvenile-indiscretion petition, the conduct must now have occurred more than 5 years before application, down from 10. The 7-year look-back for dangerous drugs and narcotics is unchanged. Medical exams no longer have to be done by a “Board-trained physician.” The comprehensive exam is now given in sections; a failed section may be retaken once within 7 days; before, a failed block could be retaken once before graduation and a second time within 60 days. The 12-hour annual training rule in R13-4-111 is not new. The amendment adds that the Board may reject a training course, and allows frangible or practice ammunition for firearms qualification.",
   "forOfficers": "Applicants with older marijuana use or juvenile conduct may now qualify where they could not before.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "A.A.C. Title 13, Ch. 4 (Supp. 25-1)",
     "url": "https://apps.azsos.gov/public_services/Title_13/13-04.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "New York",
   "id": "ch55-2025-age",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/new-york#ch55-2025-age",
   "date": "2025-09-01",
   "title": "Police hiring age cap raised from 35 to 43",
   "type": "L. 2025, ch. 55, Part C (A.3005-C/S.3005-C)",
   "summary": "The maximum age at the written exam rises from 35 to 43, and the exhausted-list exception from 39 to 43 (CSL 58(1)(a)). The CSL 58(1) eligibility rules now apply to any appointment, not only provisional or permanent appointments in the competitive class. The act deletes a clause in CSL 58(2) that barred localities from setting a stricter maximum age. It also deletes the rule in 58(4)(a) that let an officer resign and be reappointed within 30 days without meeting the age limits; the one-year reinstatement rule remains. State Police members must now be 21 to 43; the old range was 21 to 29, extendable to 35 (Exec. Law 215(3)).",
   "forOfficers": "Applicants up to 43 can take the police exam; check whether your locality sets a lower cap.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "A.3005-C, chapter 55 of 2025",
     "url": "https://nyassembly.gov/leg/?default_fld=&leg_video=&bn=A03005&term=2025&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Text=Y"
    },
    {
     "label": "CSL 58",
     "url": "https://legislation.nysenate.gov/pdf/laws/CVS58"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "rules-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-carolina#rules-2025",
   "date": "2025-09-01",
   "title": "License number required in every advertisement",
   "type": "Final rule, new 14B NCAC 16 .0116 and .0117; amendments to .0103, .0105, .0501 to .0503, .0707, .1203, .1307, .1501, .1502",
   "summary": "New .0116 requires any advertisement of private protective services, in any medium, to include the licensee’s name and license number, even when a trade name is used. Before, Rule .0105 told licensees to include their license number only alongside the permitted statement “Licensed by the Private Protective Services Board of the State of North Carolina.” New .0117 sets a procedure to ask the Board for a declaratory ruling. The Board amended .1203 to remove the cap on continuing education credit for college courses, which now count at one hour per contact hour, up to all 12 hours.",
   "forLicensees": "Websites, business cards, and other advertising must show the licensee’s name and license number.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "NC Register 39:21",
     "url": "https://files.nc.gov/oah/documents/2025-05/Volume-39-Issue-21-May-1-2025.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "NC Register 39:15",
     "url": "https://files.nc.gov/oah/documents/2025-02/Volume-39-Issue-15-February-3-2025.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Oklahoma",
   "id": "rule-702",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/oklahoma#rule-702",
   "date": "2025-09-01",
   "title": "Rule 702 now matches the 2023 federal rule",
   "type": "Laws 2025, c. 311, sec. 9 (SB 453)",
   "summary": "12 O.S. 2702 now lets an expert testify only “if the proponent demonstrates to the court that it is more likely than not that” the four conditions are met. The fourth now reads “the expert’s opinion reflects a reliable application” of the principles and methods, in place of “the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably.” Section 8 of the act adds 12 O.S. 1782 on challenges to expert testimony in civil cases; the act does not address its effect in criminal cases.",
   "forPractitioners": "Prosecution forensic experts must now meet an express preponderance showing on each prong.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 453",
     "url": "https://www.oklegislature.gov/cf_pdf/2025-26%20ENR/SB/SB453%20ENR.PDF"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bill history",
     "url": "https://www.oklegislature.gov/BillInfo.aspx?Bill=SB453&Session=2500"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "hb-5629",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/texas#hb-5629",
   "date": "2025-09-01",
   "title": "Military applicants licensed under a “similar scope of practice” test",
   "type": "House Bill 5629, 89th Legislature",
   "summary": "Amends Occupations Code chapter 55, which applies to every state licensing agency, including DPS. An agency must license a military service member, veteran, or spouse who holds a current license in good standing from another state that is similar in scope of practice; the earlier test was “substantially equivalent” requirements. The agency must process the application within 10 business days, and application and exam fees are waived for service members, veterans, and spouses (55.009).",
   "forLicensees": "Military applicants with another state’s PI license have a faster path to a Texas license, without application or exam fees.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 5629",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB5629"
    },
    {
     "label": "Enrolled text",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/HB05629F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "hb-33",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#hb-33",
   "date": "2025-09-01",
   "title": "Uvalde response: incident command training and agency equipment",
   "type": "HB 33 (89th Leg.), ch. 361",
   "summary": "New Occ. Code 1701.3526 requires officers who supervise an incident response to take an advanced incident response and command course as part of continuing education. Agency minimum standards in 1701.163 now require access to a breaching tool and a ballistic shield and a detailed school active-shooter policy.",
   "forOfficers": "Supervisors must add the incident command course to their continuing education.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 33",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/HB00033F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-2180",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#sb-2180",
   "date": "2025-09-01",
   "title": "Certification required for officer polygraph examiners",
   "type": "SB 2180 (89th Leg.), ch. 327",
   "summary": "New Occ. Code 1701.318 directs TCOLE to bar officers from giving pre-employment or criminal investigation polygraph exams unless certified through an approved course and a TCOLE exam. The bar takes hold through rules, which TCOLE proposed in October 2026 and had not adopted as of October 19, 2026 (see pending).",
   "forOfficers": "Polygraph examiners should plan to get the TCOLE certificate once the rules are adopted.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 2180",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=SB2180"
    },
    {
     "label": "Occ. Code 1701.318",
     "url": "https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/OC/htm/OC.1701.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-1372",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/texas#sb-1372",
   "date": "2025-09-01",
   "title": "Crime lab portal access limited to defense counsel",
   "type": "SB 1372 (89th Leg.), ch. 822",
   "summary": "Gov’t Code 411.164 now lets prosecutors designate only the defendant’s attorney, not a defendant acting pro se, for access to the statewide crime lab records portal. It applies to proceedings that begin on or after September 1, 2025.",
   "forPractitioners": "Lab records requests through the portal now come from defense counsel only.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1372",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/SB01372F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-1660",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/texas#sb-1660",
   "date": "2025-09-01",
   "title": "Labs must report held DWI toxicology evidence each year",
   "type": "SB 1660 (89th Leg.), ch. 1147",
   "summary": "A crime lab holding blood or urine evidence in a Penal Code chapter 49 case must tell the county prosecutor each year, with the date received (art. 38.50(c-1)). Where a prosecutor’s office requires approval before destruction, the lab may destroy the evidence if the office does not deny a request in writing within 90 days and the retention period has expired (38.50(h)).",
   "forPractitioners": "Calendar the annual notice and the 90-day window before destroying toxicology samples.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1660",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/SB01660F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "hb-1422-sb-608",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/texas#hb-1422-sb-608",
   "date": "2025-09-01",
   "title": "Survivors may consent to kit DNA testing without a police report",
   "type": "HB 1422 (89th Leg.), ch. 557; SB 608 (89th Leg.), ch. 22",
   "summary": "New Gov’t Code 420.0736 lets a sexual assault survivor give limited consent to Department of Public Safety DNA testing of kit evidence without reporting to law enforcement. Results from that testing are not compared with DNA databases or used in a criminal investigation or trial. SB 608 requires the annual report on the statewide kit tracking system to count kits that law enforcement did not collect within the deadlines in 420.035.",
   "forPractitioners": "Do not upload or search profiles from limited-consent kits.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 1422",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/HB01422F.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "SB 608",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/SB00608F.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "Gov’t Code chapter 420",
     "url": "https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/GV/htm/GV.420.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "leosa",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/illinois#leosa",
   "date": "2025-09",
   "title": "LEOSA credentials valid for three years",
   "type": "Agency notice",
   "summary": "IDFPR states that LEOSA credentials issued in Illinois are now valid for three years from the date of last issuance. We found no matching amendment to 68 Ill. Adm. Code 1240.",
   "forLicensees": "Holders of the retired peace officer firearm control card waiver should note the validity period.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "IDFPR notice",
     "url": "https://idfpr.illinois.gov/profs/detective.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "sb-71",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/missouri#sb-71",
   "date": "2025-08-28",
   "title": "State and FBI fingerprint check written into the statute",
   "type": "Senate Bill 71, 103rd General Assembly",
   "summary": "Enacted RSMo 324.1105 as part of a set of criminal background check provisions for many licensing boards. The board may require fingerprints from applicants for private investigator or private fire investigator licenses and from agency employees. If it does, the prints go to the Missouri State Highway Patrol for a state check and on to the FBI for a federal check, and the board gets access to the results.",
   "forLicensees": "Little changes in practice. The rules already required fingerprint submission through the Highway Patrol’s approved vendor for applicants and agency employees.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "RSMo 324.1105",
     "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=324.1105"
    },
    {
     "label": "SB 71 status",
     "url": "https://www.senate.mo.gov/BillTracking/Bills/BillInformation?year=2025&billid=522"
    },
    {
     "label": "Truly agreed text",
     "url": "https://www.senate.mo.gov/25info/pdf-bill/tat/SB71.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "sb71-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/missouri#sb71-2025",
   "date": "2025-08-28",
   "title": "Fingerprint checks for basic training applicants now run through the Highway Patrol, with results to the director",
   "type": "2025 HCS SS SCS SB 71, amending RSMo 590.060.3",
   "summary": "Each person seeking entry into basic training “shall” submit fingerprints for a state and federal fingerprint-based check. The fingerprints go to the Highway Patrol’s central repository and on to the FBI. The Patrol “shall” notify the director of any criminal history found, or its absence, and all related records “shall be accessible and available to the director,” notwithstanding the closed-records law (610.120). Before, the applicant gave a fingerprint card and authorization to the training center, which ran the check and forwarded the report.",
   "forOfficers": "The director now sees your criminal history results directly, including closed records.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 71 (2025), truly agreed",
     "url": "https://www.senate.mo.gov/25info/pdf-bill/tat/SB71.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "RSMo 590.060",
     "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=590.060"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "hb495-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/missouri#hb495-2025",
   "date": "2025-08-28",
   "title": "Six hours on racial profiling, implicit bias, and de-escalation added to basic training, starting 2027",
   "type": "2025 SS#2 SCS HCS#2 HB 495, adding RSMo 590.040.4",
   "summary": "The basic training of every peace officer first licensed on or after August 28, 2027 “shall include” at least six hours on the prohibition against racial profiling: two hours of racial profiling training, two hours of implicit bias training, and two hours of de-escalation training. The act’s emergency clause does not cover this section.",
   "forOfficers": "Recruits licensed from late August 2027 will take the six-hour block in the academy.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 495 (2025), truly agreed",
     "url": "https://documents.house.mo.gov/billtracking/bills251/hlrbillspdf/1623S.12T.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "RSMo 590.040",
     "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=590.040"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "hb-495",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/missouri#hb-495",
   "date": "2025-08-28",
   "title": "Wrongful-conviction compensation no longer limited to DNA exonerations",
   "type": "HB 495 (2025), RSMo 650.058",
   "summary": "The act struck “solely as a result of DNA profiling analysis” from the eligibility rule. A qualifying finding of innocence may now come from “an evidentiary hearing and finding in a habeas corpus proceeding or a proceeding held pursuant to section 547.031.” The daily rate rises from $100 to $179 for each day of post-conviction incarceration, and the annual payment cap rises from $36,500 to $65,000. Nonmonetary relief, such as counseling, housing assistance and financial literacy help, may be awarded. The 2021 sentence exempting a person found actually innocent from costs of care under section 217.831 does not appear in the current 650.058.1; whether it was moved elsewhere was not checked.",
   "forPractitioners": "A client exonerated through habeas or a prosecutor’s motion to vacate, including in a non-DNA forensic case, may now qualify.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "RSMo 650.058",
     "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=650.058"
    },
    {
     "label": "2021 version",
     "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/PageSelect.aspx?section=650.058&bid=50162"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Utah",
   "id": "r708-36",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/utah#r708-36",
   "date": "2025-08-21",
   "title": "Motor vehicle record rule reenacted; investigator-only address display kept",
   "type": "R708-36, Filing ID 57312",
   "summary": "Repeals and reenacts the motor vehicle record rule without changing the existing process: the Driver License Division still displays a record subject’s address only on motor vehicle records released to licensed private investigators, with exceptions for permitted uses under the federal Driver’s Privacy Protection Act (R708-36-4(2)).",
   "forLicensees": "Have your license number ready when ordering records.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Utah State Bulletin",
     "url": "https://rules.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/b20250715.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "West Virginia",
   "id": "jackson-whitepages",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/west-virginia#jackson-whitepages",
   "date": "2025-08-19",
   "title": "Federal court holds Daniel’s Law private-disclosure ban unconstitutional",
   "type": "Jackson v. Whitepages, Inc., No. 1:24-cv-80 (N.D. W. Va.)",
   "summary": "Held facially unconstitutional under the First Amendment W. Va. Code 5A-8-24(e), which bars any person or business from disclosing, without permission, the home address or unpublished phone number of current or former judicial officers, prosecutors, public defenders, and law enforcement officers where a reasonable person would believe it would expose them to harassment or risk of harm. The opinion distinguished the separate notice-and-removal provision in 5A-8-24(h). Section 5A-8-24(e) remains in the code. An appeal in the consolidated cases (No. 25-2121) was argued in the Fourth Circuit on September 15, 2026; no opinion had been posted as of October 18, 2026.",
   "forLicensees": "The ruling did not address the takedown-request provision in 5A-8-24(h).",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Opinion",
     "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-wvnd-1_24-cv-00080/pdf/USCOURTS-wvnd-1_24-cv-00080-0.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Alabama",
   "id": "fee-schedule-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/alabama#fee-schedule-2025",
   "date": "2025-08-14",
   "title": "Fees added for agencies, apprentices, and inactive status",
   "type": "Final rule, Appendix 741-X-A1-1",
   "summary": "Adds an agency fee of $50 (2 or fewer investigators) or $200 (3 or more) per two-year renewal; apprentice application $50, license $100, and yearly renewal $100; a one-time sponsor fee of $50; a $25 inactive fee and $200 reinstatement; and a $25 change or replacement fee. Individual license fees did not change from the 2017 schedule.",
   "forLicensees": "Individual license, renewal, and late fees are unchanged.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule filing",
     "url": "https://admincode.legislature.state.al.us/api/filing/673670b6756d8cacd1c2ed0b/filing"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "New York",
   "id": "ch57-2025-crisis-training",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/new-york#ch57-2025-crisis-training",
   "date": "2025-08-07",
   "title": "Mental-health crisis training required; certificate validity tied to it",
   "type": "L. 2025, ch. 57, Part EE, sections 14 and 15 (S.3007-C/A.3007-C)",
   "summary": "New Exec. Law 840(8) requires the MPTC, with the Office of Mental Health, to develop policies on situations involving people who appear mentally ill and likely to cause serious harm. The policies cover de-escalation “while minimizing the use of force” and alternatives to the criminal justice system. The MPTC must recommend a required training program for all current and new police officers. Current officers must finish it within 36 months, or 24 months in a city of 1 million or more, and DCJS must issue regulations. Gen. Mun. Law 209-q(1)(b)(i) now keeps a certificate valid during continuous service “provided that such police officer received training as set forth under subdivision eight of section eight hundred forty of the executive law, consistent with the rules and regulations promulgated therein.” No DCJS regulation was found in the State Register through October 2026.",
   "forOfficers": "Plan to complete the crisis training once DCJS sets the rules; the statute links it to keeping your certificate valid.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.3007-C, chapter 57 of 2025",
     "url": "https://nyassembly.gov/leg/?default_fld=&leg_video=&bn=S03007&term=2025&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Text=Y"
    },
    {
     "label": "Gen. Mun. Law 209-q",
     "url": "https://legislation.nysenate.gov/pdf/laws/GMU209-Q"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "New York",
   "id": "ch56-2025-discovery",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/new-york#ch56-2025-discovery",
   "date": "2025-08-07",
   "title": "Discovery amendments; impeachment paragraph keeps its scope",
   "type": "L. 2025, ch. 56, Part LL (A.3006-C/S.3006-C)",
   "summary": "Before 2025, the opening of CPL 245.20(1) already limited every disclosure item to material that relates to the subject matter of the case. Part LL removed that limit from the opening and put the same words into paragraph (k), which covers impeachment and exculpatory information, including information known to police. On the text, the scope of (k) is unchanged. Other paragraphs, such as (a), (b), (h), (i), and (u)(i), are now tied to the charges in the case, and (l), (m), and (n) to the instant case or the criminal action. 245.20(2) already excused prosecutors from obtaining by subpoena material the defense could subpoena; the amendment rewords this to say prosecutors need not obtain material at all if the defense can get it by subpoena. The certificate of compliance rules in 245.50 also change.",
   "forOfficers": "Impeachment information about you that police know of is still subject to automatic disclosure when it relates to the subject matter of the case.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "A.3006-C, chapter 56 of 2025",
     "url": "https://nyassembly.gov/leg/?default_fld=&leg_video=&bn=A03006&term=2025&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Text=Y"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Arkansas",
   "id": "act-678",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/arkansas#act-678",
   "date": "2025-08-05",
   "title": "Licensing act amended; ID cards issued electronically",
   "type": "Act 678 of 2025 (HB 1692)",
   "summary": "Removes crimes involving moral turpitude from what applications must disclose (17-40-307(a)(8)); revises the grounds to deny, suspend, or revoke (17-40-344, 17-40-350(c)(1)); and allows commission ID cards to be electronic (17-40-340). The State Police says that from August 5, 2025 all ID cards are sent by email.",
   "forLicensees": "Expect electronic ID cards by email.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 678",
     "url": "https://arkleg.state.ar.us/Home/FTPDocument?path=%2FACTS%2F2025R%2FPublic%2FACT678.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Amended chapter (State Police)",
     "url": "https://media.ark.org/dps/Act-393-Revised-8-5-2025.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Arkansas",
   "id": "act-581",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/arkansas#act-581",
   "date": "2025-08-05",
   "title": "Driver and vehicle registration records closed to general inspection",
   "type": "Act 581 of 2025 (SB 498)",
   "summary": "Repeals A.C.A. 27-19-406 and 27-19-407, which opened driver records to public inspection, and rewrites 27-14-412 and 27-50-906. Registration records go only to the owner, a person the owner authorizes in writing, courts, a licensed attorney responding to a subpoena, and government or law enforcement agencies. Driver records go only to the driver, a person with the driver’s written authorization, courts, attorneys with a subpoena, employers with the driver’s written consent, insurers, and government or law enforcement agencies.",
   "forLicensees": "Investigators are not a listed recipient of individual records; you need the subject’s written authorization or one of the listed channels. Bulk registration lists remain limited to uses the federal Driver’s Privacy Protection Act allows.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 581",
     "url": "https://arkleg.state.ar.us/Home/FTPDocument?path=%2FACTS%2F2025R%2FPublic%2FACT581.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Arkansas",
   "id": "act-600",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/arkansas#act-600",
   "date": "2025-08-05",
   "title": "Tracking a person with a tracking device without consent is harassment",
   "type": "Act 600 of 2025 (HB 1641)",
   "summary": "A person commits harassment if, with the purpose of tracking a person and without good cause or legal authority, the person uses a tracking device to determine that person’s location or movement without the person’s consent (A.C.A. 5-71-208(a)(2)(A)). A parent or legal guardian tracking a minor is excepted.",
   "forLicensees": "The law has no exception for licensed investigators.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 600",
     "url": "https://arkleg.state.ar.us/Home/FTPDocument?path=%2FACTS%2F2025R%2FPublic%2FACT600.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Arkansas",
   "id": "act-597",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/arkansas#act-597",
   "date": "2025-08-05",
   "title": "Drone surveillance of people or private property",
   "type": "Act 597 of 2025 (HB 1148), Arkansas Privacy Act",
   "summary": "Purposely using an unmanned aircraft to capture an image of an individual or private property to conduct surveillance on them is a Class C misdemeanor (A.C.A. 5-60-103(e)), and possessing or disclosing such an image is a separate offense (5-60-126). Owners and tenants may sue for $5,000 per capture episode and $10,000 per disclosure episode (16-118-119). Listed lawful captures include those with the consent of the owner or lawful occupant and real-property images an insurer’s employee captures for underwriting or claims (27-118-101). The definition of unmanned aircraft system excludes one operated for a commercial purpose in compliance with FAA regulations, authorizations, or exemptions (5-60-103(a)(3)(B)(iv)).",
   "forLicensees": "No exception names investigators, and no court has decided whether the commercial FAA exclusion covers an investigator’s compliant flight.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 597",
     "url": "https://arkleg.state.ar.us/Home/FTPDocument?path=%2FACTS%2F2025R%2FPublic%2FACT597.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Arkansas",
   "id": "act-668",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/arkansas#act-668",
   "date": "2025-08-05",
   "title": "Private license plate readers allowed on owners’ own property",
   "type": "Act 668 of 2025 (SB 446)",
   "summary": "Allows a private landowner, leaseholder, or commercial business to use automatic license plate readers to monitor its own property (A.C.A. 12-12-1803(b)(4)). Private users may keep plate data no more than 60 days and may not sell, trade, or exchange it for a commercial purpose (12-12-1804).",
   "forLicensees": "Investigators are not an authorized user, and private plate data may not be sold commercially.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 668",
     "url": "https://arkleg.state.ar.us/Home/FTPDocument?path=%2FACTS%2F2025R%2FPublic%2FACT668.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Arkansas",
   "id": "act-832",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/arkansas#act-832",
   "date": "2025-08-05",
   "title": "Stalking law expanded to sexual-contact threats and electronic messages",
   "type": "Act 832 of 2025 (HB 1778)",
   "summary": "Adds to second-degree stalking the purpose of placing a person, or a family or household member, in imminent fear of unwanted sexual contact (A.C.A. 5-71-229(b)(1)), and provides that a course of conduct includes sending mail or electronic messages, including email, texts, and social media (5-71-229(f)(1)(B)). The existing definition already covered acts in which the actor “directly, indirectly, or through a third party” follows, monitors, observes, or places a person under surveillance.",
   "forLicensees": "Surveillance through a third party was already part of the definition; screen clients and document a lawful purpose.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 832",
     "url": "https://arkleg.state.ar.us/Home/FTPDocument?path=%2FACTS%2F2025R%2FPublic%2FACT832.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Arkansas",
   "id": "act-765",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/arkansas#act-765",
   "date": "2025-08-05",
   "title": "Video voyeurism: prosecution allowed within a year of discovery",
   "type": "Act 765 of 2025 (SB 555)",
   "summary": "Allows prosecution for video voyeurism (A.C.A. 5-16-101) even after the regular limitations period has expired, within one year after the victim discovers or should have discovered the offense (5-1-109(c)(3)), and provides that a romantic relationship with the person recorded is not a defense (5-16-101(e)).",
   "forLicensees": "Exposure for unlawful covert video can extend to a year after the victim discovers it, even after the regular limitations period has run.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 765",
     "url": "https://arkleg.state.ar.us/Home/FTPDocument?path=%2FACTS%2F2025R%2FPublic%2FACT765.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Louisiana",
   "id": "act-225-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/louisiana#act-225-2025",
   "date": "2025-08-01",
   "title": "Tracking device exceptions withdrawn in protective order cases",
   "type": "Act No. 225 (HB 74), 2025 Regular Session",
   "summary": "Adds La. R.S. 14:323(E): the exceptions in Subsection C, including vehicle owner consent, do not apply when an individual with an ownership interest has been granted a protective order (R.S. 46:2136) or temporary restraining order (R.S. 46:2135), or when a court has granted another individual exclusive use of the vehicle. The law has no exception for licensed private investigators, before or after the Act.",
   "forLicensees": "An owner’s consent no longer authorizes tracking in the situations in subsection E.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 74",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?s=25RS&b=HB74"
    },
    {
     "label": "La. R.S. 14:323",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78422"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Louisiana",
   "id": "act-140-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/louisiana#act-140-2025",
   "date": "2025-08-01",
   "title": "Cellular tracking devices need a court order",
   "type": "Act No. 140 (HB 100), 2025 Regular Session",
   "summary": "Adds cellular tracking devices to La. R.S. 15:1313(A), under which no person may install or use a pen register, trap and trace device, or cellular tracking device without a court order under R.S. 15:1315 or 1318. It also sets penalties and court-order rules for bail enforcement agents, who hold bail bond producer licenses and are not licensed by the Board.",
   "forLicensees": "The ban applies to every person, including investigators; only a court order under R.S. 15:1315 or 1318 authorizes a cellular tracking device.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 100",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?s=25RS&b=HB100"
    },
    {
     "label": "Act 140",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/ViewDocument.aspx?d=1425040"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "uav-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/minnesota#uav-2025",
   "date": "2025-08-01",
   "title": "New warrantless drone uses; facial recognition limit unchanged",
   "type": "Laws 2025, ch. 35, art. 5, s. 23 (H.F. 2432)",
   "summary": "Minn. Stat. 626.19 subd. 3 now allows warrantless drone use “to document evidence that is at imminent risk of destruction” and “to facilitate the active search for a missing person.” Training flights over private areas are allowed with the occupant’s written consent. Subdivision 4(b), which bars drones with facial recognition unless a warrant expressly authorizes it, was not amended.",
   "forPractitioners": "Drone evidence gathered without a warrant must fit one of the listed uses.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2025, ch. 35",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2025/0/35/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 626.19",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.19"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "c1-kit-tracking",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/new-jersey#c1-kit-tracking",
   "date": "2025-08-01",
   "title": "Statewide online tracking system for sexual assault kits",
   "type": "P.L.2025, c.1 (S715), N.J.S.A. 52:17B-245.1",
   "summary": "The Attorney General must set up, by guideline or directive, a statewide internet-based system. Victims, police, health care and lab staff, and others the Attorney General names can follow each kit from collection through transfer to police, lab submission and testing, to final disposition. The act sets no deadline for the system to be running and has no appropriation. Whether the system is operating could not be checked from official sources on October 19, 2026. The earlier law, P.L.2019, c.168, required only a survey of untested kits.",
   "forPractitioners": "Ask whether the kit in your case is in the tracking system and request its history.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L.2025, c.1",
     "url": "https://pub.njleg.state.nj.us/Bills/2024/PL25/1_.HTM"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Dakota",
   "id": "hb-1429",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-dakota#hb-1429",
   "date": "2025-08-01",
   "title": "Stalking and harassment by robot, including drones",
   "type": "HB 1429, 2025 S.L. ch. 126",
   "summary": "Defines a robot to include remotely piloted aircraft, adds acts conducted with a robot to the stalking course of conduct, and adds robots to the tracking prong of stalking alongside the existing global positioning and electronic means (N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.1). The defense for an investigator licensed under chapter 43-30 acting within the scope of employment (12.1-17-07.1(4)) was not changed.",
   "forLicensees": "For investigators, the stalking defense applies only to those licensed under chapter 43-30 acting within the scope of employment; the harassment statute (12.1-17-07), including its new robot prong, has no such defense.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 1429",
     "url": "https://ndlegis.gov/assembly/69-2025/regular/bill-overview/bo1429.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "rule-217-7",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#rule-217-7",
   "date": "2025-08-01",
   "title": "Fingerprint-based background check for all appointments",
   "type": "37 TAC 217.7 (amended)",
   "summary": "Requires a fingerprint-based criminal background check for every appointment. This description comes from TCOLE’s adopted-rules table; the adopted rule text is not linked there.",
   "forOfficers": "Expect fingerprinting with each new appointment.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "TCOLE commission rules",
     "url": "https://www.tcole.texas.gov/content/commission-rules"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "sb-5224",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#sb-5224",
   "date": "2025-07-27",
   "title": "Part-time service prevents lapse; lateral moves trigger background checks",
   "type": "SB 5224, Laws of 2025, ch. 349",
   "summary": "Defines “certified” and “commissioned.” Background investigations apply to applicants moving between Washington agencies and between peace officer and corrections roles. Certification lapses after a break of more than 24 months in law enforcement service; the word “full-time” is struck, so part-time service now counts (43.101.125, .126). In hearings the administrative law judge presides and rules but no longer issues a proposed recommendation; the 5-member panel decides (43.101.380(2)).",
   "forOfficers": "Part-time service now counts toward keeping your certification from lapsing.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws of 2025, ch. 349",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2025-26/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/Senate/5224.SL.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "ab-354",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#ab-354",
   "date": "2025-07-14",
   "title": "POST gets criminal history data for investigations",
   "type": "AB 354 (2025), ch. 32 (urgency)",
   "summary": "PC 13500, 13510.8, and 13510.9 now let POST inspect or copy criminal history, CLETS-derived, and other confidential information that is part of an investigation within its jurisdiction. New PC 13503.1 requires fingerprint-based checks of POST staff who handle that data, and new Gov. Code 15169 covers POST access to CLETS-derived information.",
   "forOfficers": "POST investigators can now see the same criminal history records your agency sees.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "AB 354",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB354"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Delaware",
   "id": "hb-153",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/delaware#hb-153",
   "date": "2025-07-14",
   "title": "No arrest or detention without statutory authority",
   "type": "HB 153, 85 Del. Laws c. 74",
   "summary": "Adds 11 Del. C. 1914, which prohibits arrest or detention by anyone not specifically authorized by statute, except that a private citizen may assist a peace officer on request or when the officer is incapacitated. Repeals 11 Del. C. 6563 and 6564, which addressed custody of persons arrested by private detectives. The sponsors’ synopsis says private investigators already had no arrest authority in Delaware.",
   "forLicensees": "Investigators have no arrest or detention power unless a statute grants it.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "85 Del. Laws c. 74",
     "url": "https://delcode.delaware.gov/sessionlaws/ga153/chp074.shtml"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 153",
     "url": "https://legis.delaware.gov/BillDetail?LegislationId=142166"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Delaware",
   "id": "hb-142",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/delaware#hb-142",
   "date": "2025-07-14",
   "title": "Private persons may no longer arrest out-of-state fugitives without a warrant",
   "type": "HB 142, 85 Del. Laws c. 72",
   "summary": "Amends 11 Del. C. 2514 so only a peace officer, not a private person, may arrest without a warrant a person charged in another state with a crime punishable by death or imprisonment for more than 1 year.",
   "forLicensees": "Locate fugitives, but leave the arrest to a peace officer.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "85 Del. Laws c. 72",
     "url": "https://delcode.delaware.gov/sessionlaws/ga153/chp072.shtml"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "wsr-25-13-046",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#wsr-25-13-046",
   "date": "2025-07-12",
   "title": "Hiring certification must rule out mandatory revocation conduct",
   "type": "WSR 25-13-046 (WAC 139-07-010)",
   "summary": "The hiring agency’s background certification must confirm that the applicant has no conduct “meeting the criteria requiring denial or revocation ... set forth in RCW 43.101.105(2).”",
   "forOfficers": "Your new employer must certify that your background shows no conduct that would require revocation.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "WSR 25-13-046",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/law/wsr/2025/13/25-13-046.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "sl-2025-51",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/north-carolina#sl-2025-51",
   "date": "2025-07-02",
   "title": "Hiring agencies must review applicants’ full personnel files from the past 5 years",
   "type": "S.L. 2025-51 (SB 710), Part VI",
   "summary": "New G.S. 17C-10.2 (police agencies) and 17E-7.1 (sheriffs’ offices). An agency considering an applicant for a sworn officer or deputy post “shall request access to and review the complete personnel file” kept by any North Carolina law enforcement agency that employed the applicant in the past 5 years. This applies to any applicant, not only lateral transfers. With the applicant’s signed release, prior agencies “shall grant access to” the complete file and “may, if requested, provide a copy.” That includes confidential information under G.S. 153A-98, 160A-168, and 126-24. The information stays confidential in the hiring agency’s files. Agencies and their staff are immune from civil and criminal liability for giving or receiving access.",
   "forOfficers": "When you apply to another North Carolina agency, expect it to review your full file, including confidential parts, from the past 5 years.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2025-51",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2025-2026/SL2025-51.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb24-1130",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/colorado#hb24-1130",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Biometric identifier rules apply regardless of size",
   "type": "HB 24-1130 (C.R.S. 6-1-1314)",
   "summary": "Requires notice and consent before collecting biometric identifiers and a written retention policy, and covers any controller that processes biometric data regardless of the Privacy Act’s consumer thresholds.",
   "forLicensees": "Firms using facial recognition or voiceprints on Colorado residents must comply.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 24-1130",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb24-1130"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb24-1133",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/colorado#hb24-1133",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Record sealing expanded",
   "type": "HB 24-1133",
   "summary": "Makes deferred judgments eligible for sealing when the underlying offense is, creates sealing for convictions for conduct later legalized, and lets a mistaken-identity defendant petition for expungement.",
   "forLicensees": "More Colorado records may be unavailable to background searches.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 24-1133",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb24-1133"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb24-1174",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/colorado#hb24-1174",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Concealed handgun permit training standards",
   "type": "HB 24-1174",
   "summary": "A training class counts toward a permit only if it meets new in-person minimum standards, with a written exam and live fire, and was completed within 1 year before applying (C.R.S. 18-12-202.5, -202.7).",
   "forLicensees": "New applicants need a qualifying class taken within 12 months.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 24-1174",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb24-1174"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "ch-2025-81",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/florida#ch-2025-81",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Court-ordered tracking exempted from the tracking law",
   "type": "CS/CS/HB 903, Chapter 2025-81, Laws of Florida (section 7)",
   "summary": "Adds exceptions to s. 934.425(4) for Department of Corrections and Department of Juvenile Justice staff tracking people in their custody, and for anyone a court order authorizes to install, place, or use a tracking device or application. The business purpose exception, which does not cover private investigation done for someone else unless the activity would be exempt if the client did it, is unchanged.",
   "forLicensees": "Tracking authorized by a court order falls outside s. 934.425.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 2025-81",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/2025/81"
    },
    {
     "label": "Section 934.425",
     "url": "http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0900-0999/0934/Sections/0934.425.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "device-warrants-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/florida#device-warrants-2025",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "45 days to return warrants for devices already held",
   "type": "Ch. 2025-176, s. 7 (CS/CS/CS/HB 1371)",
   "summary": "A warrant to search a computer or electronic device already in police possession had to be returned within 45 days, not the general 10 days (s. 933.05). The 2026 act replaced this rule.",
   "forPractitioners": "Check which return period applied on the date the warrant issued.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Ch. 2025-176",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/files/Ch_2025-176.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "expedited-dna",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/florida#expedited-dna",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Grants for DNA testing at accredited private labs",
   "type": "Ch. 2025-141 (CS/HB 847)",
   "summary": "New s. 943.328 creates the Expedited DNA Testing Grant Program. Law enforcement agencies may use grants to pay private DNA labs when the needed technology is not available at state or local labs, or when expedited testing advances an investigation. The private lab must have been accredited to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and the FBI Quality Assurance Standards for at least 5 years. Grantees must report results, including the lab report and turnaround time.",
   "forPractitioners": "Ask whether a private lab result was grant-funded and confirm its accreditation history.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Ch. 2025-141",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/files/Ch_2025-141.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Hawaii",
   "id": "act-159-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/hawaii#act-159-2023",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Expunged cases removed from the Judiciary’s public databases",
   "type": "Act 159, SLH 2023 (SB 410)",
   "summary": "Requires the courts to seal or remove from the Judiciary’s publicly accessible databases information about the arrest or case of a person whose expungement order has been sent to the court.",
   "forLicensees": "Expunged matters should drop out of the Judiciary’s online court databases within a reasonable time after the expungement order reaches the court.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 410 (2023)",
     "url": "https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session/measure_indiv.aspx?billtype=SB&billnumber=410&year=2023"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Idaho",
   "id": "s-1180",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/idaho#s-1180",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Government license plate reader data limited to law enforcement",
   "type": "S 1180 (2025), ch. 316 (Idaho Code 49-1432)",
   "summary": "Limits government use of automated license plate readers to law enforcement and traffic analysis and bars use of the data for any non-law-enforcement purpose. The section does not regulate private systems.",
   "forLicensees": "Government plate reader data is not available for private investigations.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S 1180",
     "url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/sessioninfo/2025/legislation/S1180/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Idaho",
   "id": "h-253",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/idaho#h-253",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Non-resident records requests: residency declaration, longer deadlines, separate fees",
   "type": "H 253 (2025), ch. 298 (Idaho Code 74-101 to 74-103)",
   "summary": "Every public records request must include the requester’s contact details and a sworn statement of whether the requester is an Idaho resident, meaning domiciled in Idaho for at least 30 days (74-101(15), 74-102(4)). Agencies must grant or deny a resident’s request within 3 working days and a non-resident’s within 21 days, and when more time is needed must produce records within 10 working days for residents and 35 days for non-residents (74-103(2)). The free first 2 hours and first 100 pages apply only to residents, and agencies may set separate fees for non-residents (74-102(10)).",
   "forLicensees": "Out-of-state requesters should expect longer waits and higher fees.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "H 253",
     "url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/sessioninfo/2025/legislation/H0253/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Idaho Code 74-103",
     "url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/title74/t74ch1/sect74-103/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Kansas",
   "id": "sb-186",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/kansas#sb-186",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Intimate image crime covers AI-altered images",
   "type": "SB 186 (2025), L. 2025, ch. 120",
   "summary": "Disseminating a nude or sexual image of an identifiable adult with intent to harass, threaten, or intimidate now includes images created or altered by artificial intelligence or other digital means (K.S.A. 21-6101(a)(8)).",
   "forLicensees": "Digitally altered images are covered.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 186",
     "url": "https://www.kslegislature.gov/b2025_26/bills/download/?apn=b2025_26/year2/ready_for_publication/sb_186/sb186_enrolled.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Kansas",
   "id": "hb-2134",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/kansas#hb-2134",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Open records fees limited; closed civil and administrative investigations exempt",
   "type": "HB 2134 (2025), L. 2025, ch. 89",
   "summary": "Limits what agencies may charge to furnish public records (K.S.A. 45-219) and exempts records of formally closed civil or administrative investigations in which no violation was found (45-221(a)(11)(C)).",
   "forLicensees": "Records requests should cost less, but closed civil or administrative investigations with no findings are exempt.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 2134",
     "url": "https://www.kslegislature.gov/b2025_26/bills/HB2134/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Massachusetts",
   "id": "fgg-fy26",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/massachusetts#fgg-fy26",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "One-year budget floor for genetic genealogy at the State Police lab",
   "type": "St. 2025, c. 9, sec. 2, item 8100-1004 (fiscal 2026 budget)",
   "summary": "The fiscal 2026 crime lab item required that “not less than $250,000 shall be expended for costs associated with forensic genetic genealogy DNA” to help solve violent crimes, identify unidentified remains, process sexual assault kits, and support cold cases. Any third-party testing lab had to be vetted and approved by the State Police crime lab. The fiscal 2027 item (St. 2026, c. 137) drops both the genetic genealogy language and the vetting rule, so neither applies now. The session law marks no governor reduction or veto for this item.",
   "forPractitioners": "No Massachusetts statute governs genetic genealogy; the vetting rule applied only in fiscal 2026.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "St. 2025, c. 9",
     "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2025/Chapter9"
    },
    {
     "label": "St. 2026, c. 137",
     "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2026/Chapter137"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Mississippi",
   "id": "hb-1338",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/mississippi#hb-1338",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Impersonating a law enforcement officer becomes a felony",
   "type": "HB 1338 (2025)",
   "summary": "Adds Miss. Code 97-7-44(2): willfully assuming or pretending to be a law enforcement officer is a felony punishable by up to $5,000, up to 3 years, or both. Impersonating any other state, county, or municipal officer or employee remains a misdemeanor under 97-7-44(1).",
   "forLicensees": "Pretexts may never involve posing as an officer or other public official.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 1338",
     "url": "https://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2025/html/HB/1300-1399/HB1338SG.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Mexico",
   "id": "sb-36",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-mexico#sb-36",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "MVD data barred for most immigration enforcement",
   "type": "SB 36 (2025), Laws 2025, ch. 138",
   "summary": "Bars disclosure of MVD personal information for enforcing the federal Immigration and Nationality Act, other than its felony criminal provisions, and requires nongovernmental entities with MVD data access to certify they will not use it for that purpose (NMSA 66-2-7.1). The permitted uses of MVD personal information otherwise remain those already listed in the statute.",
   "forLicensees": "Vendors and investigators with MVD access must make the certification.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 36",
     "url": "https://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/25%20Regular/final/SB0036.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "10b-0411",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/north-carolina#10b-0411",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Deputy lateral transfers: 5-year file review and 18-month investigation check",
   "type": "12 NCAC 10B .0411 (new Sheriffs’ Commission rule)",
   "summary": "An officer may transfer certification to become a deputy if they completed basic training, hold general or probationary certification from either commission, and have had no break in service over 12 months. Before the transfer, the sheriff’s office must run a fingerprint check through the State Bureau of Investigation and the AOC-CR-280 expunction check, and file a certified copy of the oath. It must get a signed, notarized release. It must review the personnel file (including confidential information), the report of separation, the background investigation, and any internal investigations from every North Carolina agency in the past 5 years. It must confirm prior-year in-service training and the absence of disqualifying charges or convictions. It must confirm no internal investigation in the last 18 months alleged a possible rule violation, and confirm firearms qualification. The office reports this on Form F-4A.",
   "forOfficers": "A recent internal investigation can hold up a transfer to a sheriff’s office.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "12 NCAC 10B rules",
     "url": "http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2012%20-%20justice/chapter%2010%20-%20sheriffs'%20education%20and%20training%20standards%20commission/chapter%2010%20rules.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Dakota",
   "id": "hb-1045",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-dakota#hb-1045",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Fees for online apprentice courses and nonlicensed agency owners",
   "type": "HB 1045, 2025 S.L. ch. 398",
   "summary": "Adds fees of up to $60 for online apprentice security officer courses and up to $60 a year, with a late fee up to $20 a month, for nonlicensed officers and owners of at least 10% of an agency (N.D.C.C. 43-30-16).",
   "forLicensees": "Individual investigator fees are not affected.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 1045",
     "url": "https://ndlegis.gov/assembly/69-2025/regular/bill-overview/bo1045.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oregon",
   "id": "hb-5033",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oregon#hb-5033",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Legislature approves the $690 license fee",
   "type": "HB 5033, Oregon Laws 2025 chapter 404",
   "summary": "Approves the investigator license fee of $690 and late renewal fee of $35 that DPSST put into effect on February 1, 2025.",
   "forLicensees": "The February 2025 fee levels were ratified by statute.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2025 c.404",
     "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2025orLaw0404.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "South Dakota",
   "id": "sb-5",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/south-dakota#sb-5",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Sheriff’s service fee charged whether or not service is completed",
   "type": "SB 5 (2025), SL 2025 ch 35",
   "summary": "Lets the sheriff charge up to $50 for process submitted for service whether or not service is completed (SDCL 7-12-18(2)).",
   "forLicensees": "Private service may compete better on hard-to-serve defendants.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 5",
     "url": "https://sdlegislature.gov/Session/Bill/25635"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Tennessee",
   "id": "pc-524",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/tennessee#pc-524",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Programs may sign reciprocal licensing agreements",
   "type": "2025 Public Chapter 524, section 54",
   "summary": "Lets a regulatory authority in the department’s Division of Regulatory Boards, which includes commissioner-run programs, enter reciprocal agreements with other jurisdictions to license people licensed there who have sufficient qualifications.",
   "forLicensees": "The program now has express statutory authority to enter reciprocity agreements with other states.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Chapter 524",
     "url": "https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/114/pub/pc0524.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Wyoming",
   "id": "hb-172",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/wyoming#hb-172",
   "date": "2025-07-01",
   "title": "Gun-free zones repealed",
   "type": "HB 172 (2025), ch. 61",
   "summary": "Allows lawful concealed carriers, including permitless carriers, in government meetings, the legislature, non-secured airport areas, and public buildings, and limits carry at public schools and colleges to permit holders (W.S. 6-8-105).",
   "forLicensees": "A permit is still needed for school and campus carry.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 172",
     "url": "https://wyoleg.gov/2025/Enroll/HB0172.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-2570",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#sb-2570",
   "date": "2025-06-20",
   "title": "Statutory justification for less-lethal force",
   "type": "SB 2570 (89th Leg.), ch. 514",
   "summary": "New Penal Code 9.55: an on-duty peace officer or correctional guard is justified in using a less-lethal weapon, such as projectiles, chemical agents, impact devices, or stun guns, when and to the degree the officer reasonably believes it is necessary to carry out official duties, if the use substantially complies with the officer’s training. It applies to conduct on or after June 20, 2025.",
   "forOfficers": "The defense depends on following your training; keep less-lethal training records current.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 2570",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/SB02570F.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "Penal Code 9.55",
     "url": "https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/PE/htm/PE.9.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-1723",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/texas#sb-1723",
   "date": "2025-06-20",
   "title": "Rapid DNA by authorized law enforcement agencies",
   "type": "SB 1723 (89th Leg.), ch. 853",
   "summary": "Lets the DPS director authorize law enforcement agencies to run rapid DNA analysis on specimens from arrestees and registrants and submit the results to the state DNA database (Gov’t Code 411.146(c-1), 411.147, 411.1471(d)(3), 411.1473(c)(3)). Rapid DNA is defined as processing a known reference or forensic sample in no more than 24 hours (411.141(13)), while the pilot defines it as a reference swab processed in no more than 2 hours without a crime lab (411.1465(a)). The director must set rapid DNA standards that meet or exceed the FBI Quality Assurance Standards (411.142(h)), and DPS may inspect authorized agencies (411.144(c)). DPS must run a two-county booking-station pilot starting by September 1, 2026, with a report due January 1, 2028. The act also allows FBI-approved personal information and criminal history in CODIS (411.143(e), (f)). The statute does not say whether a booking-station rapid DNA profile needs Commission accreditation under art. 38.35.",
   "forPractitioners": "In a case built on a booking-station rapid DNA hit, ask whether the agency was authorized and how it met the FBI standards.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1723",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/SB01723F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Louisiana",
   "id": "act-139-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/louisiana#act-139-2025",
   "date": "2025-06-08",
   "title": "No deference to agency interpretations in hearings and courts",
   "type": "Act No. 139 (HB 99), 2025 Regular Session",
   "summary": "Adds La. R.S. 49:978.1(H): courts, administrative law judges, and hearing officers may not defer to an agency’s interpretation of a statute or rule, and review is de novo. It applies to Board hearings under the Administrative Procedure Act.",
   "forLicensees": "In a disciplinary or licensing hearing, the Board’s reading of the law gets no deference.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 139",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/ViewDocument.aspx?d=1425038"
    },
    {
     "label": "Résumé digest",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/ViewDocument.aspx?d=1430041"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb25-1031",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#hb25-1031",
   "date": "2025-06-03",
   "title": "Officers can sue over whistleblower retaliation",
   "type": "HB25-1031, Ch. 389, Session Laws 2025",
   "summary": "C.R.S. 24-31-906 has barred retaliation against officers who report misconduct since 2021. The act widens the list of barred actions and adds a private right of action, after internal procedures are used or the employer fails to act within 180 days. Remedies include reinstatement, back pay, damages, and attorney fees. The Governmental Immunity Act does not apply, and the limit is 2 years. The protection does not cover knowingly false disclosures, disclosures made with disregard for the truth or outside internal procedures, or the officer’s own misconduct.",
   "forOfficers": "If you are punished for reporting misconduct, you can now sue your employer.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB25-1031",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB25-1031/389/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "sb25-304",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/colorado#sb25-304",
   "date": "2025-06-03",
   "title": "Sexual assault evidence review board, a 60-day lab target, and a wider DNA backlog dashboard",
   "type": "SB 25-304, session law ch. 414 (“Miranda Gordon Justice for Survivors Act of 2025”)",
   "summary": "The act creates the Colorado sexual assault forensic medical evidence review board in the Department of Law, chaired by the Attorney General or a designee (C.R.S. 24-31-1401). Members were to be appointed, and the board to convene, by August 1, 2025. Most members serve four-year terms. The board reviews protocols, training and laws on the response to sexual assault and makes recommendations. A preliminary report was due December 15, 2025, and only that duty is repealed, on June 30, 2027; a report is due every November 1 from 2026 with no end date. An accredited law enforcement crime lab must “endeavor, subject to available capacity, funding, and personnel” to analyze forensic medical evidence within 60 days (24-33.5-113(6)). Police must update victims every 90 days while results are outstanding, which they may do in batches in the first week of March, June, September and December (24-4.1-302.5). Section 5 widens the public dashboard created by SB 25-170 to cover the DNA evidence backlog generally, with 14 listed measures, still updated at least every 30 days (24-33.5-432(4)(c)). Section 4 makes the kit tracking reports under 24-33.5-113.5(4) semiannual and sends them to every legislator. The act appropriates $112,365 to the Department of Law for fiscal 2025–26, for 1.0 FTE.",
   "forPractitioners": "The 60-day target is a best-efforts duty, not an enforceable deadline; the dashboard gives current turnaround figures.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 25-304, final act",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bill_files/85234/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb25-1275",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/colorado#hb25-1275",
   "date": "2025-06-02",
   "title": "Forensic Science Integrity Act: misconduct reporting, notice, and a new-trial remedy",
   "type": "HB 25-1275, session law ch. 352, C.R.S. 16-12-301 to -312",
   "summary": "The act covers crime labs that are units or sections of law enforcement agencies, accredited or not, and excludes coroner labs. “Wrongful action” means knowing misconduct, such as mishandling evidence, misleading or false results, concealment or false testimony, or a “significant event,” a gross deviation from procedures, accreditation requirements or law that could substantially affect the lab’s integrity (16-12-303). Employees must report wrongful action within 7 days, and supervisors must tell the director within 72 hours (16-12-304). A director who receives a report on or after July 1, 2025 must investigate, finish within 91 days or notify every district attorney with cases the employee worked and update them every 35 days, and issue a final report (16-12-305). Investigations from July 1, 2014 to July 1, 2025 that led to criminal allegations or sustained internal findings needed final reports by September 1, 2025. District attorneys must notify defendants within 91 days of the initiation notice (16-12-306), and must notify victims in cases involving crimes listed in 24-4.1-302(1) (16-12-307). Defendants have a right to counsel and discovery. The post-conviction remedy, with its three-part materiality test and deadlines, is described under “Post-conviction forensic relief” above. A final report finding wrongful action is an open record, but the custodian may withhold it while a related criminal investigation or case against the employee is pending (24-72-303(4)(a.5)). The act applies to claims filed on or after June 2, 2025, whenever the misconduct occurred. It appropriates $140,443 to the Judicial Department for fiscal 2025–26.",
   "forPractitioners": "A notice under 16-12-306 starts the filing clock; calendar it on receipt.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 25-1275, final act",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bill_files/84976/download"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bill page",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/HB25-1275"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb25-1136",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#hb25-1136",
   "date": "2025-05-31",
   "title": "Conduct database rebuilt; civil-liability revocation made discretionary",
   "type": "HB25-1136, Ch. 333, Session Laws 2025",
   "summary": "The public database moves from 24-31-303(1)(r) to new 24-31-321. Untruthfulness, training failures, revocation, and credibility-disclosure items carry over. Resignation in lieu of termination is added. Resignation or retirement now counts only if the misconduct, if sustained, “would more likely than not” lead to an entry. Being “charged” with a disqualifying crime replaces being under criminal investigation, and employers must still tell P.O.S.T. when charges are filed. Officers get an appeal process and a show-cause hearing. Agency heads “shall” certify accuracy, and a knowing or willful false or missing report brings a fine and a referral to the district attorney. In 24-31-904, mandatory revocation and suspension for civil liability are repealed. P.O.S.T. now “may” permanently revoke on civil liability for “excessive or unconstitutional” force or failure to intervene that resulted in serious bodily injury or death, and “may” suspend for at least 1 year where it did not. Hiring agencies must get a waiver for prior-employer files when they make a conditional offer. P.O.S.T. “may” contact a prior employer that withholds files; if they are not produced within 6 days of that contact, P.O.S.T. “shall” withhold funding for 1 year, impose fines, or both. The district attorney process to remove credibility-disclosure records (16-2.5-502(3)(e)) is repealed.",
   "forOfficers": "You can now appeal a database entry, and a civil judgment no longer means automatic revocation.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB25-1136",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB25-1136/333/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb25-1314",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#hb25-1314",
   "date": "2025-05-23",
   "title": "Revenue department investigators must be certified",
   "type": "HB25-1314, Ch. 241, Session Laws 2025",
   "summary": "Auto industry division investigators, supervisors, and the director become peace officers who “must” be certified. In the new firearms dealer division, investigators and supervisors “must” be certified, and the director and deputy directors “may” be.",
   "forOfficers": "These Department of Revenue posts now require P.O.S.T. certification.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB25-1314",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB25-1314/241/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "id": "hb-288",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/georgia#hb-288",
   "date": "2025-05-12",
   "title": "Giglio list procedure; no sanction solely for listing; sheriff candidate rules revised",
   "type": "HB 288 (2025), Act 115",
   "summary": "Defines a “Giglio list” as a prosecutor’s list of officers “disqualified from trial testimony because of identified or alleged issues of credibility or bias” (35-8-2). New 15-18-33: a prosecutor who lists an officer must send written notice of the factual basis to the employer and POST. The officer or agency may ask for reconsideration within 30 days, and a denial must be in writing with reasons. The Prosecuting Attorneys’ Council must adopt policies that offices keeping lists follow, and prosecutors keep their disclosure duties. POST must review the factual basis. If discipline is not warranted, the matter is dismissed and the officer’s public status does not reflect it (35-8-7.1(e)). POST may not sanction an officer, and an agency may not take adverse employment action, solely because the officer is listed (35-8-7.1(e), 35-8-14). An agency may still act after its own finding by a preponderance of the evidence, or after POST discipline. Agencies must forward Giglio notices to POST within 30 days (35-8-8.1). “Records relating to Giglio lists” are exempt from public disclosure (50-18-72(a)(4.1)). The act also revised the sheriff qualification statute (15-16-1): a candidate must be a registered or certified peace officer not under revocation and file a POST attestation form. First responders, veterans, and current or former officers who are not certified must complete certification within six months after taking office, with extensions possible.",
   "forOfficers": "If a prosecutor lists you, you get written notice and 30 days to ask for reconsideration, and your agency cannot discipline you for the listing alone.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 288",
     "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/69956"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 288 as passed",
     "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/api/legislation/document/20252026/238525"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "South Carolina",
   "id": "act-36-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/south-carolina#act-36-2025",
   "date": "2025-05-12",
   "title": "School security amendments; investigator provisions unchanged",
   "type": "Act No. 36 of 2025 (S.269)",
   "summary": "Lets public school districts use armed security personnel if the district obtains a proprietary security license, adds security officer rules for schools (40-18-60(A)(3), 40-18-80(A)(3)), and removes school districts from the government-employee exception in 40-18-140(1). It did not amend 40-18-70 or 40-18-80(B) to (D), the investigator license and registration provisions.",
   "forLicensees": "No investigator license, registration, fee, or continuing education requirement changed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.269",
     "url": "https://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess126_2025-2026/bills/269.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Montana",
   "id": "hb-563",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/montana#hb-563",
   "date": "2025-05-08",
   "title": "Contract clauses barring licensing complaints void",
   "type": "HB 563, Ch. 490, L. 2025",
   "summary": "A contract provision that bars or discourages filing a licensing complaint is void, and being party to one or retaliating against a complainant is unprofessional conduct (MCA 37-1-149).",
   "forLicensees": "Remove such language from client and employment agreements.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 563",
     "url": "https://bills.legmt.gov/#/laws/bill/2/LC0216"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Utah",
   "id": "sb-303",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/utah#sb-303",
   "date": "2025-05-07",
   "title": "Continuing education requirement enacted",
   "type": "S.B. 303 (2025), Laws of Utah 2025, ch. 359",
   "summary": "Required 16 hours of continuing education for renewals beginning May 7, 2027, and changed ID card and notice provisions in the former Title 53, Chapter 9. S.B. 149 repealed that chapter in 2026 and carried a 16-hour requirement into 58-92-309.",
   "forLicensees": "The current requirement is in 58-92-309.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.B. 303",
     "url": "https://le.utah.gov/Session/2025/bills/enrolled/SB0303.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Utah",
   "id": "hb-21",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/utah#hb-21",
   "date": "2025-05-07",
   "title": "Tracking-device offense renumbered",
   "type": "H.B. 21 (2025), Laws of Utah 2025, ch. 173",
   "summary": "Moved the tracking-device offense and its investigator exception from Utah Code 76-9-408 to 76-12-305 as part of the criminal code recodification.",
   "forLicensees": "Cite 76-12-305.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "H.B. 21",
     "url": "https://le.utah.gov/Session/2025/bills/enrolled/HB0021.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "rules-2025-may",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/arizona#rules-2025-may",
   "date": "2025-05-04",
   "title": "Other AZPOST rule changes: active-assailant training, termination reports",
   "type": "A.A.C. R13-4-101, -104, -106, -108, -109, -109.01, -114, -116, -201 to -206, -208 (31 A.A.R. 924)",
   "summary": "The rest of the same rulemaking took effect earlier. Active-assailant response is added to the basic academy curriculum, and “scenario” training is defined as immersive training. A termination report is still due to the Board within 15 days. The agency must now send a detailed description and supporting documents only when it determines the termination was for cause. Before, it had to describe any cause that existed for suspension or revocation. Other text in these sections was not compared in full.",
   "forOfficers": "If you are terminated for cause, your agency sends the Board its documentation within 15 days.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "A.A.C. Title 13, Ch. 4 (Supp. 25-1)",
     "url": "https://apps.azsos.gov/public_services/Title_13/13-04.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Kansas",
   "id": "hb-2342",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/kansas#hb-2342",
   "date": "2025-05-01",
   "title": "Juvenile records released to the Attorney General for applicant screening",
   "type": "HB 2342 (2025), L. 2025, ch. 98",
   "summary": "Requires the KBI to release juvenile adjudications, diversions, and expunged juvenile records, in addition to adult records, to the Attorney General for detective license, firearm permit, and firearm trainer applicants (K.S.A. 22-4714(b)(1)), and adds firearm permit applicants to the Act’s definition of applicant (75-7b01(a)).",
   "forLicensees": "Juvenile and expunged juvenile records are now part of the Attorney General’s review.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 2342",
     "url": "https://www.kslegislature.gov/b2025_26/bills/HB2342/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "09c-0306-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/north-carolina#09c-0306-2025",
   "date": "2025-05-01",
   "title": "Police lateral transfers: internal investigations and 18-month discipline check added",
   "type": "12 NCAC 09C .0306 (Criminal Justice Commission rule)",
   "summary": "Officers with probationary certification can now transfer, not only those with general certification. Before the transfer, the hiring agency must run the AOC-CR-280 expunction check. The file review widens from 24 months to 5 years. It now covers the personnel file (including confidential information under G.S. 153A-98, 160A-168, and 126-24), the affidavit of separation, the background investigation, and any internal investigations. The agency must confirm prior-year in-service training. It must confirm no internal investigation, disciplinary, or pre-disciplinary proceeding in the last 18 months alleged conduct that could prevent certification. It reports on Form F-5D. The rule no longer lists the transfer medical exam, the drug screen, or the 60-day waiver.",
   "forOfficers": "An internal investigation in the last 18 months that alleges disqualifying conduct can block a lateral transfer.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "12 NCAC 09 rules",
     "url": "http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2012%20-%20justice/chapter%2009%20-%20criminal%20justice%20education%20and%20training%20standards/chapter%2009%20rules.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "part-1790",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/illinois#part-1790",
   "date": "2025-04-29",
   "title": "Decertification hearing rules adopted",
   "type": "20 Ill. Adm. Code 1790 (new)",
   "summary": "Sets procedure for hearings on discretionary decertification, denied reactivations, and emergency suspensions under 705/6.3(h), 8.1(b), 8.2(b), and 8.3(c). An administrative law judge hears the case; remote proceedings are allowed, and formal hearings are public. The Certification Review Panel reviews the findings and recommends dismissal or reactivation unless misconduct is proven by clear and convincing evidence. ILETSB makes the final decision. Reconsideration is available within 30 days, then judicial review. The rules also cover victim notice and impact statements (1790.540) and settlements (1790.545). JCAR’s Flinn Report gives the effective date as April 30, 2025.",
   "forOfficers": "In a discretionary decertification case, the Board must prove misconduct by clear and convincing evidence.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Part 1790",
     "url": "https://ilga.gov/agencies/JCAR/EntirePart?titlepart=02001790"
    },
    {
     "label": "JCAR Flinn Report, May 16, 2025",
     "url": "https://ilga.gov/documents/commission/jcar/flinn/20250516_May%2016,%202025%20-%20Issue%2020.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Dakota",
   "id": "sb-2051",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-dakota#sb-2051",
   "date": "2025-04-22",
   "title": "Board fees raised and fixed in statute",
   "type": "SB 2051, 2025 S.L. ch. 399",
   "summary": "Replaces the statutory fee caps, under which the Board set fees by rule, with fixed amounts (N.D.C.C. 43-30-16): individual license or renewal from up to $150 to $225, with a late fee of $75 a month; exam from up to $100 to $150; agency license from up to $300 to $450; registration from up to $30 to $45; armed certificate from up to $30 to $45. Also directs the State Auditor to audit the Board.",
   "forLicensees": "The Board’s fee rule (NDAC 93-02-03-06) still lists the old amounts; the statute controls.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 2051",
     "url": "https://ndlegis.gov/assembly/69-2025/regular/bill-overview/bo2051.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "sb25-143",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/colorado#sb25-143",
   "date": "2025-04-18",
   "title": "School facial recognition contracting ban made permanent, with exceptions",
   "type": "SB 25-143, session law ch. 86",
   "summary": "The act removes the July 1, 2025 repeal of the ban on schools contracting for facial recognition services. It adds exceptions for contracts in effect when the act became law, for curriculum uses, and for identifying a person who made an articulable and significant threat, a missing student believed to be on school grounds, or a person ordered to stay off school property. Biometric identifiers may not be processed without consent, schools must give notice, and districts must adopt policies naming who may use the systems for threat response. An aggrieved party may seek a restraining order or injunction.",
   "forPractitioners": "Police use stays under C.R.S. 24-18-307; this act governs only school systems, which may still feed a threat response.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 25-143",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/SB25-143"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "hb-238",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/ohio#hb-238",
   "date": "2025-04-09",
   "title": "Licenses extended to two years; fee caps changed; commission abolished",
   "type": "House Bill 238, 135th General Assembly",
   "summary": "Amends ORC 4749.03. Licenses now last two years instead of one. The cap on the initial license fee drops from $375 to $200, and the cap on the renewal fee changes from $275 a year to $550 for two years. The same act abolished the Ohio Private Investigation and Security Services Commission, effective December 31, 2024, and repealed ORC 4749.021.",
   "forLicensees": "Renew every two years instead of every year. Licenses issued before April 9, 2025 keep their March 1 expiration date and then renew on a two-year cycle.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 238",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/135/hb238"
    },
    {
     "label": "LSC final analysis",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/download?key=24470"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "hb-265",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/ohio#hb-265",
   "date": "2025-04-09",
   "title": "Officer work schedules exempt from public records",
   "type": "Sub. HB 265 (135th GA)",
   "summary": "Records of the past, current, and future work schedule of a “designated public service worker” are not public records. These workers include peace officers, BCI investigators, and federal law enforcement officers. Court dockets are not covered. The records become public 3 years after they are created. A journalist’s signed written request can still reach work schedules, along with residence and spouse-employer information (R.C. 149.43(B)(9)(a)). HB 265 lettered the exemption (tt); the current code letters it (uu).",
   "forOfficers": "Your duty schedule is not a public record for 3 years, but a journalist can still request it in writing.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 265 status",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/135/hb265/status"
    },
    {
     "label": "R.C. 149.43",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-149.43"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Indiana",
   "id": "lsa-24-610",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/indiana#lsa-24-610",
   "date": "2025-04-03",
   "title": "Fines and civil penalties schedule",
   "type": "Final rule",
   "summary": "Adds 874 IAC 2-1-2. Board fines default to half the statutory maximum, or $1,000 where no maximum is set, with a $100 minimum, adjusted by listed factors such as self-disclosure and remediation, or dishonesty and a pattern of misconduct.",
   "forLicensees": "Fines are more predictable, and cooperation and voluntary disclosure count in your favor.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Final rule",
     "url": "https://iar.iga.in.gov/register/20250430-IR-874240610FRA"
    },
    {
     "label": "Rulemaking docket",
     "url": "https://www.in.gov/pla/rulesingov/lsa-document-24-610-private-investigator-and-security-guard-fines-and-civil-penalties"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "hb-315",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/ohio#hb-315",
   "date": "2025-04-03",
   "title": "Agencies may charge for body-camera and other video requests",
   "type": "Am. Sub. HB 315 (135th GA)",
   "summary": "A state or local law enforcement agency “may charge” a requester the actual cost of preparing a video record, up to $75 per hour of video and $750 in total (R.C. 149.43(B)(1)). Actual cost covers review, blurring, redaction, uploading, production, and staff time. An agency may require prepayment of an estimate, which it must give within 5 business days. A court judging whether a response was prompt must consider the time needed to retrieve, review, and redact the video and to get legal advice. HB 96 later extended the fees to prosecutors’ offices and added a fee waiver for victims.",
   "forOfficers": "Requests for footage of your encounters may now come with a fee of up to $750.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 315 status",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/135/hb315/status"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 315 as enrolled",
     "url": "https://search-prod.lis.state.oh.us/api/v2/general_assembly_135/legislation/hb315/08_EN/pdf/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "r13-2-303",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/arizona#r13-2-303",
   "date": "2025-04-01",
   "title": "Rule on registration certificate renewals expired",
   "type": "Notice of expiration, A.A.C. R13-2-303 (31 A.A.R. 1283)",
   "summary": "R13-2-303 (Renewal of Registration Certificate), which had the agency licensee submit associate and employee registration renewals up to 60 days before expiration, and allowed those renewals only as part of an agency license renewal, expired under A.R.S. 41-1056(J). It was the only change to the private investigator rules, A.A.C. Title 13, Chapter 2, from 2023 through October 2026.",
   "forLicensees": "R13-2-204(A) still lets a qualifying party submit an agency renewal up to 60 days before expiration, but DPS’s page says it accepts renewals up to 180 days before expiration and returns earlier ones.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "A.A.C. 13-2",
     "url": "https://apps.azsos.gov/public_services/Title_13/13-02.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Louisiana",
   "id": "eo-jml-25-38",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/louisiana#eo-jml-25-38",
   "date": "2025-04-01",
   "title": "Executive order puts most Board rules up for review",
   "type": "Executive Order JML 25-38 (LR 51:494)",
   "summary": "Requires each agency to review at least 50% of its rules listed in Exhibit A, or a minimum of 100 rules, whichever is greater, by December 31, 2025, and the remaining rules by December 31, 2026, and to report the results. Exhibit A lists 46 of the Board’s 51 rule sections in LAC 46:LVII, 33 of them last revised in 1993. No Board notice of intent has appeared in the Louisiana Register through October 2026.",
   "forLicensees": "No proposed Board rule had been published as of October 2026.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Louisiana Register, April 2025",
     "url": "https://www.doa.la.gov/media/aqifjzos/2504.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "sb25-170",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/colorado#sb25-170",
   "date": "2025-03-26",
   "title": "Backlog money, outside-lab contracting, and a public dashboard after 2023 lab misconduct",
   "type": "SB 25-170, session law ch. 29, C.R.S. 24-33.5-432",
   "summary": "The act kept a $3,000,000 appropriation made in HB 24-1430 available to the Bureau until June 30, 2026, and required it to be used to prioritize and accelerate testing of the sexual assault kit backlog. The Bureau may contract with qualified outside labs for backlog testing and for DNA retesting of cases tied to “the bureau laboratory misconduct that was discovered in 2023.” The Department of Public Safety had to report progress to the Joint Budget Committee by April 15, 2025, send email updates to the General Assembly every 30 days from March 10, 2025 through June 30, 2026, and build a public dashboard updated at least every 30 days. The appropriation window and the email updates ended June 30, 2026. The dashboard duty has no end date, and SB 25-304 widened it.",
   "forPractitioners": "In a case the Bureau’s lab handled, ask whether it was among the cases retested after the 2023 misconduct.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 25-170, final act",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bill_files/83212/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "sb-100",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/ohio#sb-100",
   "date": "2025-03-20",
   "title": "New tracking device crime, with a limited exemption for licensed investigators",
   "type": "Senate Bill 100, 135th General Assembly",
   "summary": "Enacted ORC 2903.216, which makes it a crime to knowingly install a tracking device or tracking app on another person’s property without consent. A licensed private investigator acting in the normal course of business is exempt only with the consent of the property owner and only for listed purposes: criminal matters, locating fugitives, locating lost or stolen property or court-awarded assets, and workers’ compensation claims. The exemption does not apply if the client is the subject of a protection order or if the investigator knows or should know the client wants help committing a crime. A violation is generally a first-degree misdemeanor; some are a fourth-degree felony.",
   "forLicensees": "Do not place a GPS tracker without the property owner’s consent. Screen clients for protection orders before any tracking work.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "ORC 2903.216",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2903.216"
    },
    {
     "label": "SB 100",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/135/sb100"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "reg-1203",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#reg-1203",
   "date": "2025-03-19",
   "title": "Revocation for disqualifying convictions delegated; default revocation",
   "type": "Commission Regulation 1203",
   "summary": "Revocation for a Gov. Code 1029 disqualifying conviction is now handled by the Executive Director instead of the Commission’s consent calendar. If the officer does not respond within 30 days of a notice of intent, the certification is subject to revocation as a matter of law.",
   "forOfficers": "Answer a POST notice of intent within 30 days.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Bulletin 2024-46",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/bulletin/2024-46.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Alabama",
   "id": "rules-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/alabama#rules-2025",
   "date": "2025-03-17",
   "title": "Rules for apprentices, sponsors, and inactive status",
   "type": "Final rules, 741-X-4-.01.01, -.01.02, 741-X-4-.03(9), 741-X-2-.01",
   "summary": "New rules require apprentices to complete 40 classroom hours and 260 field hours to qualify for licensure, and let a licensed investigator with 2 years of experience be certified as a sponsor of up to five apprentices at a time. A licensee may request inactive status in writing; inactive licensees may not work as investigators and must keep completing continuing education.",
   "forLicensees": "A license can be placed on inactive status, but continuing education still applies.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 741-X-4",
     "url": "https://admincode.legislature.state.al.us/api/chapter/741-X-4"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "r-5n-1-150",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/florida#r-5n-1-150",
   "date": "2025-03-10",
   "title": "Tax collectors limited to security officer applications",
   "type": "Final rule, r. 5N-1.150 (new)",
   "summary": "Carries out s. 493.6127. Appointed county tax collectors may accept new applications only for Class D security officer licenses. They may take fingerprints and photographs for applicants for any license type who applied online or by mail.",
   "forLicensees": "Tax collectors cannot take a new Class C application, but an appointed office can take fingerprints and photos for an online or mailed application.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule 5N-1.150",
     "url": "https://www.flrules.org/gateway/ruleNo.asp?id=5N-1.150"
    },
    {
     "label": "Notice of proposed rule",
     "url": "https://www.flrules.org/Gateway/View_notice.asp?id=29068589"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Wyoming",
   "id": "sf-132",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/wyoming#sf-132",
   "date": "2025-03-05",
   "title": "Drone photography of critical infrastructure made a crime",
   "type": "SF 132 (2025), ch. 112",
   "summary": "Bars operating a drone over or near critical infrastructure, including utilities, rail lines, courts, public safety buildings, and hospitals that receive air ambulance services, to intentionally photograph it or loiter (W.S. 19-13-503). Operators whose use complies with FAA authorization or rules are exempt. A first offense is a misdemeanor and a repeat offense a felony.",
   "forLicensees": "Fly only in compliance with FAA rules near such sites.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SF 132",
     "url": "https://wyoleg.gov/2025/Enroll/SF0132.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Alabama",
   "id": "florida-agreement",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/alabama#florida-agreement",
   "date": "2025-02-18",
   "title": "Limited license recognition agreement with Florida",
   "type": "Board agreement with the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (Division of Licensing)",
   "summary": "An Alabama resident licensed by the Board, or a Florida resident licensed by Florida, may work a case that originated in their home state in the other state for up to 30 days per agency per case per year, if in good standing and affiliated with a licensed agency. The exemption does not allow soliciting business or carrying firearms there, and anyone whose license was suspended or revoked in any state is ineligible for 10 years.",
   "forLicensees": "The exemption applies only to residents licensed in their home state and working a home-state case.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Agreement",
     "url": "https://apib.alabama.gov/PDF/2025/LtdLicRecognitionAgreementFlorida.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "comar-12-04-09-2025-feb",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/maryland#comar-12-04-09-2025-feb",
   "date": "2025-02-03",
   "title": "Accountability-board rules redefine “local governing body”",
   "type": "COMAR 12.04.09.02B (proposed at 51:13 Md. R. 650)",
   "summary": "The definition of “local governing body” in the police accountability board rules now names charter, code, and commission county bodies. The amendment does not change the misconduct deadlines.",
   "forOfficers": "No new duty for officers was identified.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "COMAR 12.04.09",
     "url": "https://regs.maryland.gov/us/md/exec/comar/12.04.09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Delaware",
   "id": "hb-357",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/delaware#hb-357",
   "date": "2025-02-01",
   "title": "Projectile weapons added to the licensing law’s weapon rules",
   "type": "HB 357, 84 Del. Laws c. 525",
   "summary": "Defines projectile weapon (24 Del. C. 1302) and extends the chapter’s firearm certification, documentation, security guard carry, and discipline provisions to projectile weapons (1321, 1329); 1321(b) already required Board approval and training to carry any weapon.",
   "forLicensees": "As before, carrying any weapon, including a projectile weapon, requires Board approval and approved training (1321(b)).",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "84 Del. Laws c. 525",
     "url": "https://delcode.delaware.gov/sessionlaws/ga152/chp525.shtml"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oregon",
   "id": "dpsst-2-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oregon#dpsst-2-2025",
   "date": "2025-02-01",
   "title": "License fee raised from $550 to $690",
   "type": "Final rule, DPSST 2-2025 (OAR 259-061-0010)",
   "summary": "Raised the private and provisional investigator license fee from $550 to $690 and the late renewal fee from $30 to $35.",
   "forLicensees": "These fees were replaced on September 1, 2026.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "DPSST 2-2025",
     "url": "https://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSCMSearch/Search/RecordViewer.aspx?uri=10791138"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "pl-2023-c266",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-jersey#pl-2023-c266",
   "date": "2025-01-15",
   "title": "Consumer data privacy law takes effect",
   "type": "P.L.2023, c.266 (S332)",
   "summary": "Applies to businesses that control or process the personal data of at least 100,000 New Jersey consumers a year, or at least 25,000 while earning revenue or discounts from selling personal data (N.J.S.A. 56:8-166.5). It does not restrict complying with government investigations or subpoenas, or investigating, establishing, exercising, preparing for, or defending legal claims (56:8-166.15(a)). The Attorney General enforces it; there is no private right of action. None of the exemptions names private detectives.",
   "forLicensees": "An agency is covered only if it meets one of the consumer thresholds.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L.2023, c.266",
     "url": "https://pub.njleg.gov/Bills/2022/PL23/266_.HTM"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "mopro",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/missouri#mopro",
   "date": "2025-01-14",
   "title": "Online licensing system opens",
   "type": "Agency notice",
   "summary": "The board’s page directs licensees to register for an account in the Division of Professional Registration’s MOPRO system, which handles license applications, renewals and account changes online.",
   "forLicensees": "Set up a MOPRO account before your next renewal.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Board notice",
     "url": "https://pr.mo.gov/pi.asp"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "wsr-25-01-071",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#wsr-25-01-071",
   "date": "2025-01-12",
   "title": "Model polygraph question requirement removed",
   "type": "WSR 25-01-071",
   "summary": "Removes the requirement that CJTC adopt model polygraph questions for background investigations.",
   "forOfficers": "No change to your obligations.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "WSR 25-01-071",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/law/wsr/2025/01/25-01-071.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Alaska",
   "id": "hb-66",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/alaska#hb-66",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "First-degree stalking covers violating sexual assault and stalking protective orders",
   "type": "HB 66 (2024), ch. 11 SLA 24",
   "summary": "Makes stalking first-degree when it violates a sexual assault or stalking protective order under AS 18.65.850-.870, in addition to domestic violence orders (AS 11.41.260(a)(1)).",
   "forLicensees": "Check for protective orders before surveilling a subject.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 66",
     "url": "https://www.akleg.gov/PDF/33/Bills/HB0066Z.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-400",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#sb-400",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "Former employers may disclose termination for cause",
   "type": "SB 400 (2024), ch. 3",
   "summary": "PC 832.7 now says an agency that formerly employed an officer may, without a request, publicly disclose that it terminated the officer for cause for a disclosable incident. The statute calls this declaratory of existing law, so it clarifies a power rather than creating one.",
   "forOfficers": "A for-cause termination tied to a disclosable incident can be made public by the former agency.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 400",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB400"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "ab-2521",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/california#ab-2521",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "Who picks the lab for post-conviction DNA testing",
   "type": "AB 2521 (Stats. 2024, ch. 153)",
   "summary": "The lab for testing under Penal Code 1405 is now agreed between the movant and “the Attorney General or district attorney” in any case. Before, the district attorney agreed in noncapital cases and the Attorney General in capital cases. The rest of 1405 changed only to gender-neutral pronouns. The act also lets the prosecuting agency, not only the Attorney General, see confidential defense funding records on appeal or collateral review (Penal Code 987.9).",
   "forPractitioners": "The testing standards and the lab quality rule did not change.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "AB 2521",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB2521"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "ab-3042",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/california#ab-3042",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "County DNA Identification Fund deposits extended to January 1, 2028",
   "type": "AB 3042 (Stats. 2024, ch. 428)",
   "summary": "Government Code 76104.6 funds county DNA Identification Funds through a Proposition 69 penalty assessment. Deposits could run through the 20th year after first collection. AB 3042 extends them to January 1, 2028, or longer if needed for lease or leaseback payments.",
   "forPractitioners": "This county DNA funding ends January 1, 2028 unless it is extended again.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "AB 3042",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB3042"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb24-1348",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/colorado#hb24-1348",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "Firearms in unattended vehicles must be locked away",
   "type": "HB 24-1348 (C.R.S. 18-12-114.5)",
   "summary": "A handgun left in an unattended vehicle must be in a locked hard-sided container, out of plain view, in a locked vehicle.",
   "forLicensees": "This applies to surveillance vehicles.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 24-1348",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb24-1348"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Delaware",
   "id": "dpdpa",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/delaware#dpdpa",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "Personal Data Privacy Act takes effect",
   "type": "HB 154, 84 Del. Laws c. 197 (6 Del. C. ch. 12D)",
   "summary": "Gives consumers rights to access, correct, delete, and opt out of the sale of personal data held by businesses that control or process data of at least 35,000 consumers, or at least 10,000 while deriving over 20% of gross revenue from selling personal data. HB 380 (85 Del. Laws c. 463) lowers those thresholds to 10,000 and 5,000 consumers and covers third parties that acquire personal data, effective January 1, 2027.",
   "forLicensees": "Firms and data vendors over the thresholds must honor consumer requests.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 154",
     "url": "https://legis.delaware.gov/BillDetail?LegislationId=140388"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 380",
     "url": "https://legis.delaware.gov/BillDetail?LegislationId=143105"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "id": "hb-880",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/georgia#hb-880",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "Military spouses may work while an endorsement application is pending",
   "type": "House Bill 880, Act 485 (2024)",
   "summary": "Amends O.C.G.A. 43-1-34 and 43-1-35(b) and (e). The spouse of a service member stationed in Georgia who holds a current license in good standing from another state may practice without a Georgia license while an expedited license-by-endorsement application is pending, if hired by a Georgia employer that first verifies the license and the filing. It also cut the deadline to issue a military spouse’s expedited endorsement license from 90 days to 30, and lets the spouse keep working if no license issues within 30 days. The act applies to every Title 43 board, including this one.",
   "forLicensees": "A military spouse licensed elsewhere can start work for a Georgia employer while the application is processed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 880",
     "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/65964"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-103-0949",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/illinois#pa-103-0949",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "Autism-informed training added to the 3-year in-service",
   "type": "P.A. 103-0949 (SB 3201)",
   "summary": "Adds “autism-informed law enforcement responses, techniques, and procedures” to the 30-hour, 3-year in-service under 705/7(g). The hours do not change.",
   "forOfficers": "Expect autism-informed content in your 3-year in-service.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.A. 103-0949",
     "url": "https://ftp.ilga.gov/Public%20Acts/103/103-0949.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-103-792",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/illinois#pa-103-792",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "Crime victims’ DNA kept out of DNA databases",
   "type": "P.A. 103-792 (HB 1168)",
   "summary": "New 725 ILCS 120/4(a)(1.6) says that when a person’s DNA profile is collected because they are a crime victim, that profile “shall not be entered into any DNA database.” Exceptions are Section 9.5 of the Criminal Identification Act and Section 3-3013 of the Counties Code. The act defines a DNA database as a collection of profiles built to search records against each other to develop investigative leads. It does not override FBI rules for CODIS and the national index.",
   "forPractitioners": "Ask whether any victim reference profile was searched or retained in a lab or local database.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.A. 103-792",
     "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/ftp/Public%20Acts/103/103-0792.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "msp-portal-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maryland#msp-portal-2025",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "Licensing moves to the State Police electronic portal",
   "type": "State Police Licensing Division notice",
   "summary": "The State Police say that in January 2025 all professional licensing applications and fees moved from paper to its electronic Licensing Portal. Agency applicants upload a fingerprint receipt, a photo, and, if they will employ 5 or more detectives, proof of liability insurance.",
   "forLicensees": "Agency and certification applications and fees are submitted through the Licensing Portal.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "State Police agency license page",
     "url": "https://mdsp.maryland.gov/firearms-permits-professional-licenses/professional-licenses/private-detective-agency-license"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "pcdna-rules",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/maryland#pcdna-rules",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "Post-conviction DNA procedure: a right to respond before the court rules",
   "type": "Supreme Court of Maryland Rules Order on the 223rd Report, Rules 4-707 to 4-709",
   "summary": "The order rescinds Rule 4-708 and amends Rules 4-707 and 4-709. The court may no longer deny a petition on the State’s answer alone. The petitioner may respond within 60 days after service of the answer; the 60 days used to run from the later of service or appointment of counsel. The response may challenge the answer, ask for a search of other agencies’ databases or logs, and amend the petition. The court may not rule before a response is filed or the 60 days run out (4-707(b)). Rule 4-709 now decides whether a hearing is needed “from the petition, answer, and any response.” The changes apply to actions begun on or after January 1, 2025 and, where practicable, to pending actions.",
   "forPractitioners": "Count the 60 days from service of the State’s answer, not from appointment of counsel.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rules Order, 223rd Report",
     "url": "http://www.mdcourts.gov/sites/default/files/rules/order/ro223rd.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Hampshire",
   "id": "sb-255",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-hampshire#sb-255",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "Consumer data privacy law takes effect",
   "type": "SB 255 (2024), Laws 2024, ch. 5, amended by HB 1220, ch. 229 (RSA 507-H)",
   "summary": "Gives consumers rights to access, correct, delete, and opt out of the sale of personal data held by businesses that process data of at least 35,000 New Hampshire consumers, or at least 10,000 while deriving over 25% of revenue from selling personal data (RSA 507-H:2). Publicly available information is excluded, and data handled under the Driver’s Privacy Protection Act or regulated by the FCRA is exempt. The law does not restrict investigating, establishing, exercising, preparing for, or defending legal claims (507-H:10). A ban on selling a child’s personal data (a child under 13, as defined by COPPA; Laws 2026, ch. 168) takes effect January 1, 2027.",
   "forLicensees": "Expect opt-outs to thin people-search results for New Hampshire residents.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "RSA 507-H",
     "url": "https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/LII/507-H/507-H-mrg.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "archive-fee-2025",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-jersey#archive-fee-2025",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "New fingerprint archive fee",
   "type": "State Police fee schedule",
   "summary": "The State Police fee page lists a “New Archive Fee (January 1, 2025)” of $19.62 alongside the fingerprint fees for private detective applicants. The page does not say which applicants pay it or what authority sets it.",
   "forLicensees": "Posted fingerprint costs now include a $19.62 archive fee.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "State Police fees",
     "url": "https://njsp.njoag.gov/application-fees/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "c59-victim-dna",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/new-jersey#c59-victim-dna",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "Sexual assault victims may learn about DNA profiles, data bank entry and matches",
   "type": "P.L.2024, c.59 (S1017), N.J.S.A. 52:4B-60.2a",
   "summary": "New section 52:4B-60.2a gives a victim the right to be told whether an assailant DNA profile was obtained, whether it was entered into any data bank, whether there is a match, and when evidence went to a lab and was compared, with the results. The match and comparison rights do not apply if disclosure “would impede or compromise an ongoing investigation.” On request, the agency must give the status of evidence processing. Failure to notify “shall not be the basis for setting aside the conviction or sentence.” The 5-year retention of forensic medical evidence and the right to status on request in 52:4B-60.2(c)(6) date from P.L.2019, c.103; this act only added a cross-reference to the new section.",
   "forPractitioners": "A notice failure under this section does not support relief from a conviction.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L.2024, c.59",
     "url": "https://pub.njleg.state.nj.us/Bills/2024/PL24/59_.HTM"
    },
    {
     "label": "P.L.2019, c.103",
     "url": "https://pub.njleg.state.nj.us/Bills/2018/PL19/103_.HTM"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "09c-0104",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/north-carolina#09c-0104",
   "date": "2025-01-01",
   "title": "Criminal Justice Commission critical incident reporting",
   "type": "12 NCAC 09C .0104 (new Criminal Justice Commission rule)",
   "summary": "This rule puts into operation the critical incident database that G.S. 17C-15 created in 2021. The agency head “shall submit” Form F-27 within 30 days of determining that an officer’s use of force caused death or serious bodily injury. An annual Form F-27A is due by January 15. The form tells officers of their right, under G.S. 17C-15, to ask a superior court for a hearing before they are entered in the database. If an officer says they will ask, the Division waits for the court, or for 30 days without proof of a filing. Entries are removed if the court finds them improper. The October 2025 amendment was not compared with the earlier text.",
   "forOfficers": "If you are reported, you can ask a superior court to decide whether you belong in the database before you are entered.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "12 NCAC 09 rules",
     "url": "http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2012%20-%20justice/chapter%2009%20-%20criminal%20justice%20education%20and%20training%20standards/chapter%2009%20rules.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "G.S. 17C-15",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_17C/GS_17C-15.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Alabama",
   "id": "license-number-notice",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/alabama#license-number-notice",
   "date": "2024-12-18",
   "title": "License numbers required on online advertising",
   "type": "Board notice",
   "summary": "The Board told licensees and agencies that the license number requirement from the 2023 law covers websites, social media, and internet advertising, and that invoices must list the license number of each licensee billed (34-25B-52(c)).",
   "forLicensees": "Websites and social media accounts count as advertising that must show the license number.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Board notice",
     "url": "https://apib.alabama.gov/PDF/2024/Required%20License%20Numbers%2012-18-2024.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "sr49-628",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/minnesota#sr49-628",
   "date": "2024-12-16",
   "title": "New conduct standard: failing to comply with a Board order",
   "type": "Minn. R. 6700.1600, subp. 1, item F, amended at 49 SR 628 (proposed at 48 SR 875 and adopted as proposed)",
   "summary": "Failing to “comply with any order of the board” becomes a listed violation of the conduct standards (new item F(4)). The catch-all moves to F(5).",
   "forOfficers": "Ignoring a Board order is now itself a ground for discipline.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "State Register 49:24",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/state_register/49/24/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. R. 6700.1600 versions",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/6700.1600/versions"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "school-frt",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/north-carolina#school-frt",
   "date": "2024-12-11",
   "title": "School safety pilot must include facial recognition",
   "type": "S.L. 2024-57 (S.B. 382), s. 3J.12, amending S.L. 2023-134, s. 7.36(h)",
   "summary": "An AI school safety pilot already existed under S.L. 2023-134, with directed grants to New Hanover County and Davidson County schools. The 2024 act added a list of required capabilities, including “Facial Recognition” and “Forensic Face Search,” required both participating school units to contract with the same vendor, and changed the system from access controls and intercoms to cameras and video management systems.",
   "forPractitioners": "This is not a rule on police use and sets no limits on facial recognition. North Carolina has no statute regulating police facial recognition.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2024-57",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2023-2024/SL2024-57.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Massachusetts",
   "id": "c238-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/massachusetts#c238-2024",
   "date": "2024-11-20",
   "title": "Civil service: local hiring registers for police and firefighters, and a police cadet program",
   "type": "Acts 2024, c.238, s.147 (new M.G.L. c.31 ss.59A to 59D)",
   "summary": "Under new c.31 s.59A, the civil service administrator “may” let an appointing authority keep its own register of entry-level police and firefighter candidates. The authority must agree to merit principles and diverse recruiting and adopt anti-nepotism and anti-patronage policies. Candidates can be appointed without the civil service exam if they meet listed conditions. No appointee may do sworn duties before finishing the MPTC academy or getting a waiver. New s.59B lets an appointing authority run an entry-level police cadet program leading to civil service tenure; cadets must complete an MPTC-approved academy before permanent appointment. Section 148 repeals ss.59A, 59C, and 59D on January 1, 2035; s.59B, the police cadet program, has no end date. Acts 2025, c.14 added MBTA police to the registers. POST certification is still required to work as an officer (c.6E s.4(g)).",
   "forOfficers": "Some departments can now hire through their own registers or a cadet program, but you still need POST certification.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Acts 2024, c.238",
     "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2024/Chapter238"
    },
    {
     "label": "M.G.L. c.31 s.59A",
     "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIV/Chapter31/Section59A"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New York",
   "id": "clean-slate",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-york#clean-slate",
   "date": "2024-11-16",
   "title": "Clean Slate Act seals older convictions automatically",
   "type": "Chapter 631 of the Laws of 2023",
   "summary": "Adds Criminal Procedure Law 160.57, which automatically seals eligible convictions 3 years after sentencing or release for misdemeanors and 8 years for felonies, if no charges are pending and other conditions are met; sex offenses and most class A felonies are excluded. The act also amended Executive Law 296(16), which bars asking about sealed matters in licensing or employment unless a statute requires or permits it. Sealed records remain available to entities required by law to receive fingerprint-based criminal history checks. The 296(16) bar does not cover records obtained under CPL 160.57(1)(d)(vii), which includes entities required by state law to run fingerprint-based checks, as GBL 72 and 81 require of the Department. The act does not name the Department of State or private investigators.",
   "forLicensees": "Executive Law 296(16) bars asking about sealed convictions unless a statute requires or permits it. GBL 81(2)(c) requires each employee’s statement to say the employee has not been convicted of a felony, and neither the act nor the Department says how the two rules interact. The Department likely still sees sealed convictions in its own fingerprint checks, but it has published no guidance on this.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "A1029-C / S7551-A (Chapter 631)",
     "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2023/S7551/amendment/A"
    },
    {
     "label": "CPL 160.57",
     "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CPL/160.57"
    },
    {
     "label": "Executive Law 296",
     "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/EXC/296"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "New York",
   "id": "clean-slate-dna",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/new-york#clean-slate-dna",
   "date": "2024-11-16",
   "title": "Sealed convictions do not remove DNA from the databank",
   "type": "Chapter 631 of the Laws of 2023 (Clean Slate Act)",
   "summary": "The Clean Slate Act added CPL 160.57, which automatically seals eligible convictions after set waiting periods. It states that nothing in the section requires sealing or destroying DNA information kept in the state DNA databank under Executive Law article 49-B for a person whose conviction is sealed.",
   "forPractitioners": "A databank hit can still involve a person whose conviction has been sealed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "CPL 160.57",
     "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CPL/160.57"
    },
    {
     "label": "A1029-C",
     "url": "https://nyassembly.gov/leg/?default_fld=&bn=A01029&term=2023&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Text=Y"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "rule-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#rule-2024",
   "date": "2024-11-15",
   "title": "P.O.S.T. rule amendments for procedural clarity",
   "type": "4 CCR 901-1, tracking nos. 2024-00368 and 2024-00543",
   "summary": "The rulemaking summary says the amendments “provide further procedural clarity” and make sure statutory requirements are met. They were not adopted in response to new legislation. The rule text was not compared with the earlier version.",
   "forOfficers": "No new duty for officers was identified.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rulemaking 2024-00368",
     "url": "https://www.coloradosos.gov/CCR/eDocketDetails.do?trackingNum=2024-00368"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oklahoma",
   "id": "hb-3786",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oklahoma#hb-3786",
   "date": "2024-11-01",
   "title": "Retired peace officers: longer evaluation exemption, no fingerprints",
   "type": "HB 3786, Laws 2024, chapter 55",
   "summary": "Extends the psychological evaluation exemption for retired full-time CLEET-certified peace officers applying for armed licenses from 1 year to 5 years after retirement (59 O.S. 1750.3A(D)(2)). A retired peace officer applying for an armed investigator or security license need not provide fingerprints if they submit a notarized letter confirming retirement in good standing from an Oklahoma law enforcement agency (1750.6(A)(3)).",
   "forLicensees": "Retired officers within 5 years of retirement skip the psychological evaluation, and with a notarized letter skip fingerprinting.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 3786 enrolled",
     "url": "https://www.oklegislature.gov/cf_pdf/2023-24%20ENR/HB/HB3786%20ENR.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Oklahoma",
   "id": "rapid-dna",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/oklahoma#rapid-dna",
   "date": "2024-11-01",
   "title": "Statewide rapid DNA program for crime scene samples",
   "type": "Laws 2024, c. 219, sec. 1 (HB 3568)",
   "summary": "New 74 O.S. 150.27(D) says the OSBI “shall promulgate necessary policies, procedures, and forms for participation in a rapid DNA investigative lead program,” a statewide program for law enforcement agencies covering the collection and processing of crime scene samples with rapid DNA instruments, including training and maintenance. Rapid DNA for booking samples dates from 2019. The act has no appropriation and sets no admissibility or accreditation rules.",
   "forPractitioners": "In a case with a rapid DNA lead from a crime scene, ask for the OSBI policies and the agency’s training records.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 3568",
     "url": "https://www.oklegislature.gov/cf_pdf/2023-24%20ENR/HB/HB3568%20ENR.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Oklahoma",
   "id": "exoneration-orders",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/oklahoma#exoneration-orders",
   "date": "2024-11-01",
   "title": "DNA exoneration orders sent to the OSBI",
   "type": "Laws 2024, c. 259, sec. 3 (SB 1770)",
   "summary": "New 22 O.S. 1373.5(B): when a court vacates a conviction and dismisses with prejudice after DNA testing, a copy of the order showing the person “has been exonerated through DNA testing” goes to the OSBI. The remedies in 1373.5(A) did not change.",
   "forPractitioners": "After a DNA exoneration, confirm the OSBI received the order so criminal history records are corrected.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1770",
     "url": "https://www.oklegislature.gov/cf_pdf/2023-24%20ENR/SB/SB1770%20ENR.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "r-5n-1-116",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/florida#r-5n-1-116",
   "date": "2024-10-30",
   "title": "Late renewal fee set equal to the license fee",
   "type": "Final rule, r. 5N-1.116",
   "summary": "Carries out the 2023 law below. A renewal received after expiration but within three months carries a late fee equal to the license fee, and no license can be renewed three or more months after it expires. The division waives the late fee on a request made within three months of expiration if the delay came from reasonable reliance on erroneous written information from the department, or from the department’s failure to provide correct information.",
   "forLicensees": "Renewing a Class C license late costs an extra $75. Renew before the license expires.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule 5N-1.116",
     "url": "https://www.flrules.org/gateway/ruleNo.asp?id=5N-1.116"
    },
    {
     "label": "Notice of proposed rule",
     "url": "https://www.flrules.org/Gateway/View_notice.asp?id=28479217"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "core",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/illinois#core",
   "date": "2024-10-30",
   "title": "Applications move to the CORE online system",
   "type": "Agency notice",
   "summary": "IDFPR launched CORE, its online licensing system. New private detective applications are filed there.",
   "forLicensees": "Expect to apply for and manage your credential through CORE.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "IDFPR notice",
     "url": "https://idfpr.illinois.gov/profs/detective.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Pennsylvania",
   "id": "act-122",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/pennsylvania#act-122",
   "date": "2024-10-29",
   "title": "Statewide tracking system for sexual assault kits",
   "type": "Act 122 of 2024 (SB 920), P.L. 1081",
   "summary": "The act amends the Sexual Assault Testing and Evidence Collection Act. New section 3.1 requires the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency, with the State Police, to set up a statewide, web-based kit tracking system within one year. Health care facilities, police, the State Police and labs must all take part. The system records collection, notice to police, police possession, lab submission, lab receipt, completed analysis and destruction. Its entries are not an official status and “shall not be admissible to challenge the chain of custody of evidence in a criminal proceeding” (3.1(g)). The commission “may” apply for federal funding; the act has no appropriation. Victims gain rights to notice within 24 hours of a system breach in which the commission believes the status of their kit was accessed, to further preservation of the kit on written request, and to notice of the system. A Crime Victims Act filing waiver applies when a delay in kit testing or DNA matching caused a late claim (effective in 60 days). The State Police annual report must add system data (effective in 18 months) and an evaluation of bringing older untested kits into the system, a duty that took effect in one year and expires three years later. Whether the system is operating could not be checked from official sources on October 19, 2026.",
   "forPractitioners": "Tracking-system entries cannot be used to attack chain of custody; use the lab and police records instead.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 122 of 2024",
     "url": "https://www.palegis.us/statutes/unconsolidated/law-information/view-statute?txtType=PDF&SessYr=2024&ActNum=0122.&SessInd=0"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Iowa",
   "id": "arc-8226c",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/iowa#arc-8226c",
   "date": "2024-10-23",
   "title": "Firearms training rule for private school security officers",
   "type": "Final rule",
   "summary": "Implementing 2024 House Files 2586 and 2652, the department added a definition of “private school security officer” to Chapter 121 and a new rule, 121.25, requiring these officers to take part in annual live scenario training, an initial firearm familiarization and course of fire, and quarterly live firearm training under the Chapter 91 weapons permit rules. The same rulemaking set training for the new educator professional permit to carry weapons.",
   "forLicensees": "Applies to private security staff employed or retained by a school district as private school security officers. No change for private investigators.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "ARC 8226C",
     "url": "https://rules.iowa.gov/Notice/Details/8226C"
    },
    {
     "label": "661 IAC Chapter 121",
     "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/iac/chapter/661.121.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "ch-2024-114",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/florida#ch-2024-114",
   "date": "2024-10-01",
   "title": "Unlawful tracking becomes a felony",
   "type": "CS/SB 758, Chapter 2024-114, Laws of Florida",
   "summary": "Amends s. 934.425. Besides installing a tracking device or application on another person’s property without consent, it is now unlawful to place one, or to use one to learn another person’s location or movement. The offense went from a second-degree misdemeanor to a third-degree felony. The existing business purpose exception still does not cover a person doing private investigation for someone else, unless the activity would be exempt if the client did it. The law also extended s. 493.6118(1)(y), which since 2015 has made unlawful installation a ground for discipline, to placing or using a tracker.",
   "forLicensees": "Placing or using a tracker without consent, outside a listed exception, risks a felony charge and action against the license.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 2024-114",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/2024/114"
    },
    {
     "label": "Section 934.425",
     "url": "http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0900-0999/0934/Sections/0934.425.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "kit-retention",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/florida#kit-retention",
   "date": "2024-10-01",
   "title": "Unreported sexual assault kits kept 50 years",
   "type": "Ch. 2024-169 (CS/CS/CS/SB 764)",
   "summary": "Section 943.326(3) now requires kits from victims who do not report to be kept at least 50 years. The collecting medical facility or certified rape crisis center must transfer them to FDLE within 30 days. Kits that are reported, or for which testing is requested, still need the prosecuting agency’s approval before destruction (943.326(3)(a)). FDLE approval applies only to a kit first held under the 50-year rule whose victim later reports or asks for testing after the s. 775.15 limitations period has run (943.326(3)(b)2.).",
   "forPractitioners": "Before 2024, kits could be destroyed once the prosecutor approved; check which rule applied to an older kit.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Ch. 2024-169",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/files/Ch_2024-169.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Hawaii",
   "id": "act-187-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/hawaii#act-187-2024",
   "date": "2024-10-01",
   "title": "Public servants may demand removal of personal information from the internet",
   "type": "Act 187, SLH 2024 (HB 1916); HRS chapter 92H",
   "summary": "On a written request from a covered public servant, such as a judge, legislator, department head, or elections worker, any agency, person, or organization must remove protected personal information, including home address and personal phone and email, from the internet within 3 business days (HRS 92H-2). Exceptions include FCRA consumer reports and information governed by the federal Driver’s Privacy Protection Act (92H-6).",
   "forLicensees": "Remove a requesting public servant’s protected information from anything you post online.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 187",
     "url": "https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/slh/Years/SLH2024/SLH2024_Act187.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "judicial-security-act",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maryland#judicial-security-act",
   "date": "2024-10-01",
   "title": "Judicial Security Act: 72-hour removal of judges’ personal information",
   "type": "Chapter 415 of 2024 (SB 575); crossfile Chapter 414 (HB 664)",
   "summary": "Adds Courts and Judicial Proceedings 3-2301 to 3-2304. A covered judicial officer or household member, or the Judiciary’s Office of Information Privacy, may send a written request to anyone who has published the officer’s personal information online, who must remove it within 72 hours. Personal information includes home address, phone numbers, personal email, and similar identifiers. Knowingly publishing it, when the person knows or should know it poses an imminent and serious threat and the publication results in assault, harassment, trespass, or property destruction, is a misdemeanor. The Act also creates a Judicial Address Confidentiality Program (3-2401 to 3-2407), under which a person may not knowingly disclose a program participant’s actual address (3-2407).",
   "forLicensees": "Online publication of a covered judicial officer’s listed personal information must be removed within 72 hours of a qualifying request, and an address confidentiality program participant’s actual address may not be knowingly disclosed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 415",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2024RS/Chapters_noln/CH_415_sb0575t.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "ch-772-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maryland#ch-772-2024",
   "date": "2024-10-01",
   "title": "Ten-year limitations period for stalking",
   "type": "Chapter 772 of 2024 (SB 391); crossfile Chapter 773 (HB 544)",
   "summary": "Sets a 10-year statute of limitations for prosecuting stalking under Criminal Law 3-802, which covers tracking a person by a device without their knowledge or consent. The usual misdemeanor limitations period is 1 year.",
   "forLicensees": "Stalking charges, including for covert device tracking, can be brought up to 10 years after the conduct.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 772",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2024RS/Chapters_noln/CH_772_sb0391t.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Criminal Law 3-802",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Laws/StatuteText?article=gcr&section=3-802&enactments=false"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "ch-548-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/maryland#ch-548-2024",
   "date": "2024-10-01",
   "title": "Positive community feedback on officers: a uniform process, with agency records open to inspection",
   "type": "2024 Laws chs. 548 (HB 973) and 549 (SB 7), identical; amending General Provisions 4-311 and 4-351 and adding Public Safety 3-207(m) and 3-519.1",
   "summary": "The Commission “shall” create a simple, uniform process for the public to submit positive feedback on officers. Each agency “shall” adopt it, post it on the agency website if the agency has one, and keep a record of positive feedback for all officers. Those records “are subject to public inspection in accordance with” the Public Information Act. The same act adds positive-feedback records to the police misconduct records a custodian “may deny” under General Provisions 4-351(a)(4), and, when the officer did not solicit the feedback, to the records that are not personnel records under 4-311. So the records are open to inspection under the Act, subject to its exceptions.",
   "forOfficers": "Your agency must keep a record of public praise you receive.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2024 Laws ch. 548",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2024RS/Chapters_noln/CH_548_hb0973t.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "2024 Laws ch. 549",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2024RS/Chapters_noln/CH_549_sb0007e.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "frt-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/maryland#frt-2024",
   "date": "2024-10-01",
   "title": "Facial recognition statute: lead-only use, verification, and suppression",
   "type": "2024 Md. Laws chs. 808 and 809 (SB 182 / HB 338), Crim. Proc. 2-501 to 2-510",
   "summary": "The new subtitle sets the limits described above: evidentiary limits (2-502); permitted crimes, banned uses, database limits and independent verification (2-503(a)); anti-profiling rules (2-503(b)); and exclusion of results obtained in violation and evidence derived from them (2-503(c)). Each system used, the databases searched and the results that led to further action must be disclosed in discovery. Agencies must name an administrator, audit every year, train under a state program, follow a State Police model policy, and publish a use policy and annual reports. Identifying missing, deceased or incapacitated people, redaction, and security systems are carved out. A person may sue to compel compliance (2-509).",
   "forPractitioners": "Ask in discovery for every facial recognition search in the case; results obtained in violation can be suppressed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2024 Md. Laws ch. 808",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2024RS/Chapters_noln/CH_808_sb0182e.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "ch. 809",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2024RS/Chapters_noln/CH_809_hb0338e.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "fgg-deceased-missing",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/maryland#fgg-deceased-missing",
   "date": "2024-10-01",
   "title": "Genetic genealogy rules do not apply to identifying the dead and missing",
   "type": "2024 Md. Laws chs. 830 and 831 (HB 476 / SB 549), Crim. Proc. 17-101.1",
   "summary": "Title 17, which requires judicial authorization, licensed labs and genealogists, and other safeguards, “does not apply to FGGS conducted solely for the purpose of identifying an individual who is: (1) deceased; or (2) the subject of a missing person report filed with a law enforcement agency in the State and whose whereabouts are unknown.” The chapter law shows an under-18 limit struck in passage, so the exemption has no age limit.",
   "forPractitioners": "Searches to identify a criminal suspect still need judicial authorization under Title 17.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2024 Md. Laws ch. 830",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2024RS/Chapters_noln/CH_830_hb0476t.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Crim. Proc. 17-101.1",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Laws/StatuteText?article=gcp&section=17-101.1&enactments=false"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Michigan",
   "id": "pa-302",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/michigan#pa-302",
   "date": "2024-10-01",
   "title": "No DNA assessment for juveniles",
   "type": "2023 PA 302 (SB 429)",
   "summary": "MCL 28.176(5) now says the $60 DNA assessment does not apply to a juvenile, or the juvenile’s parent, guardian, or legal custodian, under family division jurisdiction. The other changes are style only. Collection of juvenile DNA is unchanged.",
   "forPractitioners": "The fee is gone, but juvenile DNA collection and retention rules are not.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2023 PA 302",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2023-2024/publicact/pdf/2023-PA-0302.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "MCL 28.176",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-28-176"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Montana",
   "id": "mcdpa",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/montana#mcdpa",
   "date": "2024-10-01",
   "title": "Consumer Data Privacy Act takes effect",
   "type": "SB 384, Ch. 681, L. 2023 (MCA 30-14-2801 and following)",
   "summary": "Gives consumers rights of access, correction, deletion, and opt-out against covered businesses, enforced by the Attorney General. Processing to investigate, establish, exercise, prepare for, or defend legal claims is exempt.",
   "forLicensees": "Most investigator firms fall below the thresholds; data vendors may not.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 384",
     "url": "https://bills.legmt.gov/#/bill/20231/LC1086"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Utah",
   "id": "hb-532",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/utah#hb-532",
   "date": "2024-10-01",
   "title": "Investigator board merged with the bail recovery board",
   "type": "H.B. 532 (2024), Laws of Utah 2024, ch. 506",
   "summary": "Repealed the Private Investigator Hearing and Licensure Board and gave its role to the renamed Bail Bond Recovery and Private Investigator Licensure Board, until S.B. 149 moved licensing to DOPL in 2026.",
   "forLicensees": "Historical since September 1, 2026.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "H.B. 532",
     "url": "https://le.utah.gov/~2024/bills/hbillenr/HB0532.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Massachusetts",
   "id": "nibin",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/massachusetts#nibin",
   "date": "2024-10",
   "title": "Casings from traced crime guns go into the national ballistics network",
   "type": "St. 2024, c. 135, sec. 75 (H.4885), as affected by St. 2024, c. 206, sec. 51",
   "summary": "The act rewrote G.L. c. 140, sec. 131Q. New subsection (c) says “A cartridge casing associated with a firearm reported for tracing under subsection (a) shall be submitted for inclusion in the National Integrated Ballistics Information Network.” Section 159 of the act first delayed section 75 by 18 months. St. 2024, c. 206, sec. 51, an emergency law approved September 16, 2024, rewrote section 159 to delay sections 38 and 74 instead, so section 75 took effect with the rest of the act. The act took effect in October 2024: 90 days after approval was October 23, 2024, though a later emergency declaration by the governor may have set an earlier October date; the act’s exact effective date could not be checked from official sources on October 19, 2026. Section 131Q(a) and (b) also cover tracing of any firearm used in a criminal act, including suicide, with the data sent to ATF; that wording is not in the 2014 version, but versions between 2014 and 2024 were not checked. Separately, St. 2024, c. 139 set aside at least $250,000 for the Worcester police department to buy equipment to access the network.",
   "forPractitioners": "In a case with a traced gun, ask whether the casings were entered in the network and for any resulting leads.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "St. 2024, c. 135",
     "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2024/Chapter135"
    },
    {
     "label": "St. 2024, c. 206",
     "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2024/Chapter206"
    },
    {
     "label": "St. 2024, c. 139",
     "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2024/Chapter139"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-1454",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/california#sb-1454",
   "date": "2024-09-22",
   "title": "Sunset bill requires written client agreements",
   "type": "Senate Bill 1454, Chapter 484, Statutes of 2024",
   "summary": "The BSIS sunset review bill. New section 7524 requires every agreement for PI services to be in writing, with the licensee’s name, address, phone number, and license number, a BSIS disclosure, approximate start and end dates, the scope of work, how reports are delivered, and a breakdown of fees. Work may not begin, and charges may not accrue, before the client authorizes it in writing, and agreements and findings must be kept for two years. The bill moved the next legislative review of BSIS to January 1, 2029 (7573.5) and extended the PI LLC provisions to January 1, 2030.",
   "forLicensees": "Since July 1, 2025, every engagement needs a written agreement with the required terms, authorized by the client before work starts, and kept for at least two years.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1454",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB1454"
    },
    {
     "label": "Section 7524",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&sectionNum=7524."
    },
    {
     "label": "Section 7573.5",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&sectionNum=7573.5."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Massachusetts",
   "id": "c118-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/massachusetts#c118-2024",
   "date": "2024-09-18",
   "title": "Technological monitoring of a family member can be abuse",
   "type": "Acts of 2024, chapter 118 (H.4744)",
   "summary": "Adds “coercive control” to the definition of abuse in G.L. c.209A, s.1, which governs protective orders between family or household members. It includes a pattern of behavior intended to threaten, intimidate, harass, isolate, control, coerce, or compel compliance that causes the family or household member to reasonably fear physical harm or have a reduced sense of physical safety or autonomy, such as controlling, regulating, or monitoring the family or household member’s activities, communications, or movements, including through technological means. The act also raised the maximum fine for criminal harassment under c.265, s.43A from $1,000 to $5,000. The stalking statute was not amended.",
   "forLicensees": "Technological monitoring of a family or household member can support a protective order when the coercive control elements are met; the act does not reach monitoring of people outside that relationship.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Acts of 2024, c.118",
     "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2024/Chapter118"
    },
    {
     "label": "c.265, s.43A",
     "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIV/TitleI/Chapter265/Section43A"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "ch-69-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/arizona#ch-69-2024",
   "date": "2024-09-14",
   "title": "State officer appeals: discipline can be reduced even when just cause is proven",
   "type": "Laws 2024, Ch. 69 (HB 2322), amending A.R.S. 41-1830.16",
   "summary": "This covers full-authority certified officers in the state personnel system, such as DPS. In appeals of dismissal, suspension over 40 hours, or demotion, the Law Enforcement Merit System Council could recommend changing the discipline only when just cause was not proven. Now it “may” also recommend a change when just cause was proven but the evidence or other facts show the action “should be modified.” The agency head “shall” accept a recommendation unless it is arbitrary or without reasonable justification.",
   "forOfficers": "If you work for a state agency, you can ask the Council to reduce discipline even if the charge is upheld.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2024, Ch. 69",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/56Leg/2R/laws/0069.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "advertising-rules-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/texas#advertising-rules-2024",
   "date": "2024-09-11",
   "title": "Business cards count as advertisements; a home address may be left off",
   "type": "Final rule, 37 TAC 35.5, 35.9, and 35.13",
   "summary": "Section 35.9 now states expressly that business cards are advertisements, which must show the company name and license number, and exempts a licensee from publishing its address in advertisements when the address is a residence. Sections 35.5 and 35.9 already barred use of the state seal and department insignia; the amendments extend the ban to the department’s name and to advertisements and websites, but allow the department’s name to be used to show that a company is regulated by DPS. Section 35.13 now treats a sole proprietor who performs regulated services as an employee who must sign the company’s drug-free workplace policy. DPS described the changes as clarifications.",
   "forLicensees": "Business cards must show the company name and license number. A company run from a home may leave its address off advertisements.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Texas Register, adopted rules (archived)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251216201328/https://www.sos.state.tx.us/texreg/archive/September62024/Adopted%20Rules/37.PUBLIC%20SAFETY%20AND%20CORRECTIONS.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Nebraska",
   "id": "lr-364",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/nebraska#lr-364",
   "date": "2024-09-06",
   "title": "Interim study of private detective licensing heard; no report filed",
   "type": "Legislative Resolution 364, 108th Legislature",
   "summary": "An interim study to review the credentialing requirements for private detectives, private detective agencies, and plain clothes investigators under the Occupational Board Reform Act, which requires each standing committee to review the occupations it oversees every five years (84-948). It was introduced March 25, 2024, referred to the Government, Military and Veterans Affairs Committee, and heard September 6, 2024. No action after the hearing is recorded, and the committee’s list of reports has no private detective report after its 2019 review, which recommended keeping licensure.",
   "forLicensees": "Nothing has changed. No legislation resulted from the study.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "LR 364",
     "url": "https://www.nebraskalegislature.gov/bills/view_bill.php?DocumentID=57141"
    },
    {
     "label": "Committee reports",
     "url": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/reports/government.php"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "rules-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-carolina#rules-2024",
   "date": "2024-09-01",
   "title": "Reinstating a lapsed license now requires continuing education",
   "type": "Final rule, amendments to 14B NCAC 16 .0203, .0201, .0115, .0401, .1101 to .1105, and others; new .1709",
   "summary": "The Board closed what it called a loophole: a licensee could let a license lapse past the late renewal window and reinstate it without the 12 continuing education hours. Reinstatement now requires proof of continuing education, and the window to reinstate was cut from 3 years after expiration to 2 (.0203). The Board’s FAQ still says 3 years. Applicants now pay the online vendor’s convenience and card fees instead of a fixed $4. Rule .0115 sets a standard for investigating anonymous complaints.",
   "forLicensees": "A lapsed license can be reinstated only within 2 years, with the 12 hours of continuing education.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "NC Register 38:19",
     "url": "https://files.nc.gov/oah/documents/2024-04/Volume-38-Issue-19-April-1-2024.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "sb754-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/missouri#sb754-2024",
   "date": "2024-08-28",
   "title": "Civilian review boards limited to listed powers; broader oversight authority preempted",
   "type": "2024 SS#2 SCS SBs 754, 746, 788, 765, 841, 887 & 861, amending RSMo 590.653",
   "summary": "Since 2000, cities and counties could set up a civilian review board to receive, investigate, make findings, and recommend discipline on public complaints of excessive force, abuse of authority, discourtesy, or offensive language, with no finding based solely on an unsworn complaint. The act extends the section to a “division of civilian oversight” or other oversight entity, and says its power is “solely limited to” those listed powers. It adds that “Only the powers specifically granted herein are authorized,” and that any broader authority given to existing or future boards or entities is “expressly preempted and void as a matter of law.”",
   "forOfficers": "A local oversight body can investigate and recommend, but it cannot discipline you or use powers the statute does not list.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 754 (2024), truly agreed",
     "url": "https://www.senate.mo.gov/24info/pdf-bill/tat/SB754.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "RSMo 590.653",
     "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=590.653"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "sb-754",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/missouri#sb-754",
   "date": "2024-08-28",
   "title": "Motions to vacate go where charges were filed; a conviction review unit is authorized",
   "type": "SB 754 (2024), RSMo 547.031 and new 547.500",
   "summary": "Under 547.031.1, the prosecutor who may file, and the court that hears, a motion to vacate are now those in the jurisdiction “in which charges were filed,” not where the person was convicted. Nothing else in the section changed. New 547.500 says the Missouri Office of Prosecution Services “may establish” a conviction review unit to investigate claims of actual innocence, including from people who pleaded guilty. If set up, the unit would have two experienced attorneys, an investigator, a paralegal and administrative staff, and the office’s executive director sits on it as an ex officio member. Applications must be sworn, fees must be waived for indigent applicants, and an application must rest on “newly discovered and reliable evidence of actual innocence not presented at a trial,” and that evidence must establish actual innocence by clear and convincing evidence. The prosecuting office “is not required to accept or follow” the unit’s findings, and a prosecutor may still file a 547.031 motion before the review ends (547.500.8). Unit records are closed; only its findings and recommendations become open, after the prosecutor declines to file a 547.031 motion or those proceedings end (547.500.7).",
   "forPractitioners": "After a change of venue, a motion to vacate belongs to the prosecutor and court where charges were filed. No source shows the review unit has been set up or funded.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "RSMo 547.031",
     "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=547.031"
    },
    {
     "label": "RSMo 547.500",
     "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=547.500"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "reg-1208-1210",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#reg-1208-1210",
   "date": "2024-08-20",
   "title": "Temporary suspension and voluntary surrender procedures",
   "type": "Commission Regulations 1208 and 1210",
   "summary": "Regulation 1208 sets out an officer’s right to respond to an Order of Immediate Temporary Suspension. Regulation 1210 requires the voluntary surrender form (POST 2-358) to state whether the surrender results from a settlement or plea agreement, and to be notarized.",
   "forOfficers": "A surrender made as part of a settlement or plea must say so on the form.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Bulletin 2023-33",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/bulletin/2023-33.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bulletin 2024-04",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/bulletin/2024-04.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "sb24-011",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/colorado#sb24-011",
   "date": "2024-08-07",
   "title": "Civil claim for tracking without consent",
   "type": "SB 24-011 (C.R.S. 13-20-1301)",
   "summary": "A person tracked by a tracking device or app without consent may sue the actor who installed the device on the person’s property or caused the tracking, for damages including noneconomic loss. Consent may be revoked at any time. The only exclusions are law enforcement acting in a criminal investigation or official duties, toll authorities, and a parent or guardian tracking a minor child.",
   "forLicensees": "There is no investigator exception; get written consent from the person tracked.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 24-011",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-011"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb24-1093",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#hb24-1093",
   "date": "2024-08-07",
   "title": "Military law enforcement service counts toward provisional certification",
   "type": "HB24-1093, Ch. 37, Session Laws 2024",
   "summary": "C.R.S. 24-31-308(1)(a) let P.O.S.T. grant provisional certification to officers from another state or “federal jurisdiction excluding the armed forces.” The act strikes “excluding the armed forces,” so armed forces law enforcement service now qualifies.",
   "forOfficers": "If you were a military police officer in the last 3 years, you may qualify for provisional certification.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB24-1093",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB24-1093/37/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb24-1103",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#hb24-1103",
   "date": "2024-08-07",
   "title": "“Excited delirium” banned from training and reports",
   "type": "HB24-1103, Ch. 47, Session Laws 2024",
   "summary": "Officer training “shall not” include or refer to “excited delirium,” and such courses “shall not” be reported to P.O.S.T. for credit. Officers “shall not” use the term in incident reports, though they may describe specific behavior. Training on altered mental states is still allowed (new C.R.S. 24-31-907).",
   "forOfficers": "Describe what you observed; do not write “excited delirium” in a report.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB24-1103",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB24-1103/47/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb24-1100",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/colorado#hb24-1100",
   "date": "2024-08-07",
   "title": "Coroners in large counties must hold a death investigation credential",
   "type": "HB 24-1100, session law ch. 62",
   "summary": "A coroner of a county over 150,000 people elected on or after November 5, 2024 must be a death investigator certified by the American Board of Medicolegal Death Investigators, or a forensic pathologist certified by the American Board of Pathology, in good standing. SB 26-105 later raised the threshold to 300,000.",
   "forPractitioners": "This is a credential for an elected office, not a license for forensic analysts.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 24-1100",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/HB24-1100"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Louisiana",
   "id": "act-478-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/louisiana#act-478-2024",
   "date": "2024-08-01",
   "title": "License, exam, and renewal fees raised",
   "type": "Act No. 478 (SB 86), 2024 Regular Session",
   "summary": "Amends La. R.S. 37:3516(A). Agency fees: exam $50 to $100, re-exam $25 to $50, license and annual renewal $250 to $300. Individual and apprentice fees: exam $50 to $100, re-exam $25 to $50, license and annual renewal $100 to $150. The $50 application fees did not change.",
   "forLicensees": "Annual renewal is $300 for an agency and $150 for an individual.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 86",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?s=24RS&b=SB86"
    },
    {
     "label": "Act 478",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/ViewDocument.aspx?d=1381965"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Louisiana",
   "id": "act-644-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/louisiana#act-644-2024",
   "date": "2024-08-01",
   "title": "“Moral turpitude” removed from the licensing bar",
   "type": "Act No. 644 (HB 954), 2024 Regular Session",
   "summary": "Strikes “any crime involving moral turpitude” from La. R.S. 37:3507(A)(3), leaving felonies the Board finds directly related to investigator practice under R.S. 37:2950, a standard that was already in the law. It also adds R.S. 37:2950(C), which bars licensing boards from relying on vague terms such as “moral turpitude” or “good character.” Section 37:3508(D)(5), which says the Board shall deny an applicant convicted of a felony, was not amended.",
   "forLicensees": "Crimes of moral turpitude are no longer a separate listed bar; felony convictions still are.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 954",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?s=24RS&b=HB954"
    },
    {
     "label": "La. R.S. 37:3507",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=94180"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Louisiana",
   "id": "welcome-home-act",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/louisiana#welcome-home-act",
   "date": "2024-08-01",
   "title": "Welcome Home Act: licenses for Louisiana residents licensed in other states",
   "type": "Act No. 253 (SB 60) and Act No. 568 (HB 716), 2024 Regular Session",
   "summary": "Enacts La. R.S. 37:51 to 37:59. A board must license an individual who holds a current, valid license with a similar scope of practice in another state, has held it for at least a year, earned it by exam or by meeting education, training, or experience standards, is in good standing, has no disqualifying criminal record or pending discipline, pays the fees, and lives in Louisiana (R.S. 37:52(A)). The PI Board is not among the exclusions. The two acts enacted near-identical text. The Board’s license page offers “Welcome Home” endorsement but says applicants must pass the Louisiana state exam, while the Act lets boards require only a jurisprudential exam.",
   "forLicensees": "Investigators licensed elsewhere for at least a year who live in Louisiana have this route in addition to reciprocity under 37:3518.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Board license page",
     "url": "https://lsbpie.com/licenseinfo.aspx"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 716",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?s=24RS&b=HB716"
    },
    {
     "label": "SB 60",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?s=24RS&b=SB60"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "juvenile-dna",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/minnesota#juvenile-dna",
   "date": "2024-08-01",
   "title": "DNA from a minor needs consent, a court order, or a warrant",
   "type": "Laws 2024, ch. 123, art. 4, s. 4 (H.F. 5216)",
   "summary": "New Minn. Stat. 260B.009 says a biological specimen for DNA analysis “must not be taken from a minor without the consent of the minor’s parent or custodian, a court order, or a warrant.” A minor whose specimen was taken in violation may move to suppress the results as evidence and to have the specimen destroyed.",
   "forPractitioners": "In a juvenile case, ask how the DNA was obtained and move to suppress if none of the three applied.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 260B.009",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/260B.009"
    },
    {
     "label": "Laws 2024, ch. 123",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2024/0/Session+Law/Chapter/123/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "pc-dna",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/minnesota#pc-dna",
   "date": "2024-08-01",
   "title": "Probable-cause DNA collection removed from statute",
   "type": "Laws 2024, ch. 123, art. 4, s. 8 (H.F. 5216)",
   "summary": "The act deleted the language in 299C.105 subd. 1 that covered people who had a judicial probable cause determination on a listed charge, and the matching juvenile language. Collection under the section now follows conviction or adjudication only. A 2006 Court of Appeals decision, In re Welfare of C.T.L., 722 N.W.2d 484, is reported to have held the probable-cause clauses unconstitutional, which would make this a conforming change; that decision could not be checked from official sources on October 19, 2026.",
   "forPractitioners": "A profile taken on probable cause alone has no basis in the current statute.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2024, ch. 123",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2024/0/Session+Law/Chapter/123/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 299C.105",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/299C.105"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "time-bar",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/minnesota#time-bar",
   "date": "2024-08-01",
   "title": "New scientific evidence no longer must prove innocence to beat the time bar",
   "type": "Laws 2024, ch. 123, art. 4, ss. 9 and 10 (H.F. 5216)",
   "summary": "Under 590.01 subd. 4(b)(2), newly discovered evidence, including scientific evidence, must now provide “facts necessary to sustain one or more legally cognizable claims for postconviction relief.” It must still have been undiscoverable with due diligence within two years, and it may not be cumulative or for impeachment. The act deleted the rule that the evidence establish the petitioner’s innocence by a clear and convincing standard. The State’s time to respond under 590.03 went from 20 to 45 days.",
   "forPractitioners": "A late claim based on a discredited method no longer has to prove innocence to get past the time bar, but it must be filed within two years of when the claim arose.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2024, ch. 123",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2024/0/Session+Law/Chapter/123/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 590.01",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/590.01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Oklahoma",
   "id": "da-vacate",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/oklahoma#da-vacate",
   "date": "2024-08",
   "title": "District attorneys may move to vacate wrongful convictions at any time",
   "type": "Laws 2024, c. 331, sec. 6 (SB 1835)",
   "summary": "New 22 O.S. 1381 says that, “Notwithstanding any other provision of law concerning postconviction relief,” the district attorney of the convicting county may move to vacate or set aside a conviction “at any time if clear and convincing evidence exists establishing that the defendant was convicted of an offense that the defendant did not commit.” The act has no effective-date section, so it took effect 90 days after the 2024 session adjourned, in August 2024; the exact day could not be checked from official sources on October 19, 2026.",
   "forPractitioners": "Only the district attorney can file this motion. New forensic evidence of innocence can be taken to the prosecutor without the usual post-conviction time bars.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1835",
     "url": "https://www.oklegislature.gov/cf_pdf/2023-24%20ENR/SB/SB1835%20ENR.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Nebraska",
   "id": "lb-16",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/nebraska#lb-16",
   "date": "2024-07-19",
   "title": "Licensing for applicants credentialed in other states or the military",
   "type": "Legislative Bill 16, 108th Legislature",
   "summary": "Amended the Occupational Board Reform Act. Under section 84-950, an occupational board must issue a license to an applicant who has held a credential for at least one year in another state, or a military occupational specialty, for an occupation with a similar scope of practice, if the credential required an exam or education, training, or experience standards and the applicant has no disqualifying criminal record, no revoked or surrendered credential, and no pending complaint. Applicants from states that do not license the occupation may qualify with three years of work experience. The board may require a jurisprudential exam on Nebraska law if one is required of other applicants, and must generally approve or deny a complete application in writing within 60 days. The exclusions in 84-946.01 do not name the Secretary of State or private detectives.",
   "forLicensees": "Investigators licensed in another state for at least a year have a path to a Nebraska license. The Nebraska exam may still be required.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Section 84-950",
     "url": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=84-950"
    },
    {
     "label": "LB 16",
     "url": "https://www.nebraskalegislature.gov/bills/view_bill.php?DocumentID=49705"
    },
    {
     "label": "2024 effective dates",
     "url": "https://www.nebraskalegislature.gov/pdf/reports/revisor/datelist2024.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New York",
   "id": "judicial-security",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-york#judicial-security",
   "date": "2024-07-19",
   "title": "Judges can have their personal information taken down",
   "type": "Chapter 55 of the Laws of 2024, Part F (Judiciary Law 859)",
   "summary": "Judiciary Law 859 lets current and former state judges and federal judges send a written request to their court employer, which then notifies, by certified mail, each person, business, or agency the judge names; the recipient must stop making the judge’s listed personal information public within 72 hours of receiving that notice.",
   "forLicensees": "An investigator or agency that receives such a notice must stop publishing the judge’s listed personal information within 72 hours of receipt.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Judiciary Law 859",
     "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/JUD/859"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Hampshire",
   "id": "hb-1260",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-hampshire#hb-1260",
   "date": "2024-07-14",
   "title": "Violation of privacy involving a minor becomes a felony",
   "type": "HB 1260 (2024), Laws 2024, ch. 71",
   "summary": "Adds RSA 644:9, VII: violating the device surveillance, viewing, or curtilage provisions of the privacy law when a reasonable person knows or should know the person entitled to privacy is under 18 is a class B felony, and a repeat conviction a class A felony.",
   "forLicensees": "Take care with surveillance near homes where minors are present.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "RSA 644:9",
     "url": "https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/LXII/644/644-9.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Hawaii",
   "id": "act-239-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/hawaii#act-239-2024",
   "date": "2024-07-09",
   "title": "Using a computer to commit a privacy violation becomes a separate crime",
   "type": "Act 239, SLH 2024 (SB 2193)",
   "summary": "Adds violation of privacy in the first and second degree (HRS 711-1110.9, 711-1111) to the offenses for which knowingly using a computer to identify, pursue, surveil, or contact the victim is a separate crime (HRS 708-893(1)).",
   "forLicensees": "Computer-assisted surveillance that violates the privacy statutes carries an added charge until July 1, 2027.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 2193 CD1",
     "url": "https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessions/session2024/bills/SB2193_CD1_.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "sl-2024-30",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-carolina#sl-2024-30",
   "date": "2024-07-02",
   "title": "Civilian traffic investigators exempted",
   "type": "Session Law 2024-30 (House Bill 199), section 29",
   "summary": "Adds G.S. 74C-3(b)(19), which excludes from private protective services a person working as a Civilian Traffic Investigator under G.S. 160A-499.6.",
   "forLicensees": "No change for private investigators.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2024-30",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2023-2024/SL2024-30.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-519",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#sb-519",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Jail death investigation records opened",
   "type": "SB 519 (2023), ch. 306",
   "summary": "New PC 832.10 makes a local detention facility’s records of investigations into in-custody deaths, including discipline imposed on custodial officers, disclosable under the Public Records Act notwithstanding PC 832.7, with set redaction and delay rules.",
   "forOfficers": "Custodial staff should expect investigation and discipline records from an in-custody death to become public.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 519",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB519"
    },
    {
     "label": "PC 832.10",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=832.10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "sb24-131",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/colorado#sb24-131",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Firearms barred in courthouses and government buildings",
   "type": "SB 24-131",
   "summary": "Bars open and concealed carry in state legislative buildings, local governing-body buildings, and courthouses, adds licensed child care centers to the existing school and college ban, and limits permit holders at colleges and child care centers to parking areas; a local government may allow carry in its buildings, and permit holders may carry concealed in adjacent parking areas (C.R.S. 18-12-105.3, -105.5).",
   "forLicensees": "Do not carry into a courthouse when serving or attending hearings.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 24-131",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-131"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "ch-2024-137",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/florida#ch-2024-137",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Two calibers in one requalification class; tax collectors may take applications",
   "type": "CS/CS/SB 1084, Chapter 2024-137, Laws of Florida",
   "summary": "At the instructor’s discretion, a Class G licensee may requalify on up to two calibers in one 4-hour class, with a separate course of fire for each (s. 493.6113(3)(b)). New s. 493.6127 lets FDACS appoint county tax collectors to accept new, renewal, and replacement license applications, with convenience fees of $22 for a new application, $12 for a renewal or replacement, and $9 each for fingerprints and photographs.",
   "forLicensees": "Armed investigators can requalify on two calibers in one class.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 2024-137",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/2024/137"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "hb-601",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/florida#hb-601",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Local civilian oversight of complaint investigations preempted",
   "type": "HB 601 (2024), ch. 2024-86",
   "summary": "F.S. 112.533 now bars political subdivisions, including cities, counties, and other local government units, from adopting or enforcing ordinances on investigating complaints against officers or on civilian oversight of agency misconduct investigations, so the process is uniform statewide. New F.S. 30.61 and 166.0486 let sheriffs and police chiefs create their own civilian oversight boards of 3 to 7 members, including one retired officer, to review policies and procedures. The act’s change to 112.532 only renumbers a cross-reference.",
   "forOfficers": "Complaints against you are investigated under F.S. 112.533, not a local ordinance.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 2024-86",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/2024/86"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "figg-grants",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/florida#figg-grants",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Grants for forensic investigative genetic genealogy",
   "type": "Ch. 2024-113 (CS/SB 678)",
   "summary": "New s. 943.327 defines forensic investigative genetic genealogy and creates an FDLE grant program for law enforcement agencies and medical examiners to use it on violent crimes and unidentified remains. Grants may fund analysis of DNA samples “collected under applicable legal authority.” Methods must follow FDLE rule and be compatible with multiple genealogy databases open to law enforcement use. Grantees must report results within 1 year. Section 2 of the act appropriated $500,000 in nonrecurring general revenue for fiscal 2024–25.",
   "forPractitioners": "The statute sets no warrant or consent standard specific to genetic genealogy.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Ch. 2024-113",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/files/Ch_2024-113.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "id": "hb-1193",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/georgia#hb-1193",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Amber light law lists private detective business vehicles",
   "type": "House Bill 1193, Act 510 (2024)",
   "summary": "Rewrites O.C.G.A. 40-8-35. New subsection (b) lists vehicles that “shall utilize” flashing or revolving amber lights under the conditions it sets, and paragraph (13) is a vehicle operated in the course of business by a person licensed or registered as a private detective or private security business under Chapter 38 of Title 43. Using amber lights not authorized by the listed sections is a misdemeanor.",
   "forLicensees": "Business vehicles of licensed detective companies are among those the amber light statute lists. Board Rule 509-4-.04(2), which covers private security business vehicles and still requires authorization from the Board of Public Safety under O.C.G.A. 40-8-92, has not been amended since December 2022.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 1193",
     "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/66813"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "id": "sb-195",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/georgia#sb-195",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Residency no longer required for license by endorsement",
   "type": "Senate Bill 195, Act 555 (2024)",
   "summary": "Mainly enacts the Social Work Licensure Compact, but section 3 also amends O.C.G.A. 43-1-35(c) to remove the requirement that an endorsement applicant first move to Georgia and establish residency. Section 3 applies to every professional licensing board and other Title 43 board, including this one.",
   "forLicensees": "An out-of-state licensee need not live in Georgia to apply by endorsement. The Board’s FAQ (archived April 2026) says it does not reciprocate with any other state for licensure and that every company applicant must pass the exam, with no exceptions for licenses held in other states. It does have limited license recognition agreements with eight states that let an investigator licensed there finish a home-state case in Georgia for up to 30 days per case per year.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 195",
     "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/64473"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Idaho",
   "id": "h-588",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/idaho#h-588",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Longer public records deadline for non-residents",
   "type": "H 588 (2024), ch. 107 (Idaho Code 74-103(2))",
   "summary": "When an agency needs more time, it must still produce records within 10 working days for an Idaho resident, but now has up to 21 working days for a non-resident.",
   "forLicensees": "H 253 (2025, ch. 298) replaced this rule on July 1, 2025. An agency now has 21 days to grant or deny a request from a person who is not an Idaho resident (and not employed by one) and up to 35 days to produce the records, and every request must include a sworn statement of residency (Idaho Code 74-102(4), 74-103(2)).",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "H 588",
     "url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/sessioninfo/2024/legislation/H0588/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Idaho",
   "id": "s-1262",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/idaho#s-1262",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Telephone harassment law extended to email and texts",
   "type": "S 1262 (2024), ch. 253 (Idaho Code 18-6710)",
   "summary": "Extends the harassment offense from telephone calls to email, text messages, and other electronic communication made with intent to annoy, threaten, or harass.",
   "forLicensees": "Repeated pretext messages to a subject who has asked for no contact carry risk.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S 1262",
     "url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/sessioninfo/2024/legislation/S1262/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-103-609",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/illinois#pa-103-609",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Commission duties tied to ISO 17025 accreditation; State Police examine digital evidence",
   "type": "P.A. 103-609 (HB 5495)",
   "summary": "The act inserts “ISO 17025 accredited” into 2605-615 in three places: the Commission’s review of non-conformities, the lab director seats, and the annual duty to report non-conformities. It also adds “and examine digital evidence” to the duties of the State Police Division of Forensic Services (2605-40).",
   "forPractitioners": "Publicly funded labs that are not accredited no longer report non-conformities to the Commission.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.A. 103-609",
     "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/PublicActs/103/103-0609.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Iowa",
   "id": "hf-2164",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/iowa#hf-2164",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Bail bond sureties must be licensed to do bail enforcement",
   "type": "House File 2164, 90th General Assembly",
   "summary": "Amended Iowa Code 80A.2 so that the exemption for a person employed by one employer in connection with that employer’s affairs does not cover a person employed by a surety licensed under Chapter 811 who is acting as a bail enforcement agent. It also amended Chapter 811 to bar a company acting as surety from bail enforcement activity without a Chapter 80A license from the Department of Public Safety.",
   "forLicensees": "No change for private investigators. Bail enforcement work for an insurance company surety now requires a Chapter 80A license.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2024 Iowa Acts, chapter 1028",
     "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/acts/2024/CH1028.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "HF 2164",
     "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislation/BillBook?ga=90&ba=HF2164"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Kansas",
   "id": "sb-414",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/kansas#sb-414",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Hidden-camera crime no longer requires a hidden camera",
   "type": "SB 414 (2024), L. 2024, ch. 96, sec. 5",
   "summary": "Removes “concealed” and “secretly” from the offense of using a camera to record a person under or through clothing or while undressed (K.S.A. 21-6101(a)(6)).",
   "forLicensees": "An openly placed camera can also violate the law.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 414",
     "url": "https://www.kslegislature.gov/b2023_24/bills/download/?apn=b2023_24/year2/ready_for_publication/sb_414/sb414_enrolled.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Kansas",
   "id": "sb-491",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/kansas#sb-491",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Fingerprint checks standardized under one statute",
   "type": "SB 491 (2024), L. 2024, ch. 15",
   "summary": "Adds K.S.A. 22-4714, under which the Attorney General may require fingerprints of detective, agency, and firearm trainer applicants for a KBI state and national check, and conforms K.S.A. 75-7b04 and 75-7b21 to it.",
   "forLicensees": "Who must be fingerprinted did not change.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 491",
     "url": "https://www.kslegislature.gov/b2023_24/bills/download/?apn=b2023_24/year2/ready_for_publication/sb_491/sb491_enrolled.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "c123-2024-bca",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/minnesota#c123-2024-bca",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "BCA must investigate every officer-involved death; a prosecutor who declines to charge must disclose the file",
   "type": "Laws 2024, ch. 123, art. 3, sec. 6, amending Minn. Stat. 626.5534",
   "summary": "The BCA’s Use of Force Investigations Unit has existed since 2020 (299C.80). New subd. 3 says it “must” investigate any officer-involved death, unless the subject is a BCA officer. Agencies “must” fully cooperate. The report goes to the county prosecutor. If the prosecutor finds no basis to charge, the prosecutor “must” at the same time publicly disclose the decision and all inactive investigative data in the report that are public under 13.82, subd. 7 or other law.",
   "forOfficers": "After a death involving your use of force, expect a BCA investigation, and public release of the file if no charges are filed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2024, ch. 123",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2024/0/Session+Law/Chapter/123/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 626.5534",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.5534"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "c123-2024-excited-delirium",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/minnesota#c123-2024-excited-delirium",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Training on “excited delirium” banned",
   "type": "Laws 2024, ch. 123, art. 3, sec. 9, new Minn. Stat. 626.8437",
   "summary": "The Board “may not” certify, credit, or reimburse any course that includes training on detecting or using the term “excited delirium,” including similar terms. Agencies “may not” provide such a course, directly or through a third party. Training on responding to and caring for a person in crisis is still allowed.",
   "forOfficers": "Courses that teach “excited delirium” no longer earn POST credit.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2024, ch. 123",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2024/0/Session+Law/Chapter/123/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 626.8437",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.8437"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "c123-2024-complaints",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/minnesota#c123-2024-complaints",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Board complaint inquiries become discretionary",
   "type": "Laws 2023, ch. 52, art. 10, sec. 3, and Laws 2024, ch. 123, art. 3, sec. 2, amending Minn. Stat. 214.10, subd. 10",
   "summary": "Before 2023, when the Board received a complaint, the executive director “shall” designate an agency to investigate and “shall” order it to inquire. The 2023 act changed the order to “may.” The 2024 act deleted the duty to designate an investigating agency for every complaint. The executive director now “may order an appropriate law enforcement agency” to inquire, and the 30-day written summary is due only “if directed to complete an investigation.”",
   "forOfficers": "A complaint to the POST Board no longer automatically triggers an outside inquiry.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2024, ch. 123",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2024/0/Session+Law/Chapter/123/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, ch. 52",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/52/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 214.10",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/214.10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "evid-r-702",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/ohio#evid-r-702",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Rule 702 now matches the 2023 federal rule",
   "type": "Ohio Evid.R. 702 (amended by the Supreme Court of Ohio)",
   "summary": "The proponent must now show the court “that it is more likely than not” that each requirement is met. Division (C) adds that “the expert’s opinion reflects a reliable application of the principles and methods to the facts of the case.” Before the change, the rule read “A witness may testify as an expert if all of the following apply.” The Staff Note says the amendment “adopts 2023 changes to Fed. R. Evid. 702.”",
   "forPractitioners": "Challenge how a forensic method was applied in the case, not only whether the method is valid; the proponent carries the burden on each part.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Ohio Rules of Evidence",
     "url": "https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/docs/LegalResources/Rules/evidence/evidence.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oregon",
   "id": "sb-619",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oregon#sb-619",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Oregon Consumer Privacy Act takes effect",
   "type": "SB 619, Oregon Laws 2023 chapter 369",
   "summary": "Applies to persons that control or process personal data of 100,000 or more consumers, or 25,000 or more while getting 25 percent or more of gross revenue from selling personal data (ORS 646A.572). It does not prohibit investigating, establishing, initiating, or defending legal claims, and it exempts FCRA-regulated activity. It names no investigator exemption.",
   "forLicensees": "The Act reaches an investigator business only if it meets the volume thresholds.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2023 c.369",
     "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2023orLaw0369.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oregon",
   "id": "hb-4156",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oregon#hb-4156",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Electronic location monitoring counts toward stalking",
   "type": "HB 4156, Oregon Laws 2024 chapter 90",
   "summary": "Adds to the stalking definition of “contact” using an electronic device or service to obtain or monitor another person’s location, communications, or activities without consent (ORS 163.730(3)(o)). A GPS-device offense under ORS 163.715 that is part of stalking, or of violating a stalking protective order, can make the crime a Class C felony (ORS 163.732, 163.750). Oregon’s stalking law has no investigator exception.",
   "forLicensees": "Nonconsensual electronic location monitoring can be stalking contact, with no exception for licensed investigators.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2024 c.90",
     "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2024orLaw0090.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "South Dakota",
   "id": "sb-169",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/south-dakota#sb-169",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Drone voyeurism and harassment made a crime",
   "type": "SB 169 (2024), SL 2024 ch 194",
   "summary": "Makes it a Class 1 misdemeanor to operate a drone for voyeuristic or harassment purposes or carelessly so as to endanger people or property, and provides that a drone may be the instrument of a privacy or trespass tort (SDCL chapter 50-15). Landing on another’s personal property without consent is added to the existing ban on landing on private property.",
   "forLicensees": "Drone footage can support privacy or trespass claims.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 169",
     "url": "https://sdlegislature.gov/Session/Bill/24626"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Tennessee",
   "id": "pc-944",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/tennessee#pc-944",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Advisory private letter rulings for licensees",
   "type": "2024 Public Chapter 944 (SB 2588)",
   "summary": "Programs attached to the Division of Regulatory Boards must issue an advisory private letter ruling on request to a person they license, on matters within their jurisdiction. A ruling binds only the requester and sets no precedent.",
   "forLicensees": "A licensed investigator may ask the program for an advisory ruling on a question within its jurisdiction.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Chapter 944",
     "url": "https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/113/pub/pc0944.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Tennessee",
   "id": "pc-788",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/tennessee#pc-788",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Conviction-based decisions must explain the connection",
   "type": "2024 Public Chapter 788 (HB 1859)",
   "summary": "Adds Tenn. Code Ann. 62-76-104(g): when a prior conviction is a basis for a decision, a licensing authority may not rely on vague terms such as “good moral character” without explaining how the conviction directly relates to the occupation. The section’s definition of a licensing authority covers any state department, board, commission, or agency, which includes the commissioner-run program.",
   "forLicensees": "A conviction-based decision cannot rest on a vague term such as “good moral character” without explaining how the conviction directly relates to the work.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Chapter 788",
     "url": "https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/113/pub/pc0788.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Tennessee",
   "id": "pc-682",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/tennessee#pc-682",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Stalking “harassment” gets a reckless-disregard standard",
   "type": "2024 Public Chapter 682",
   "summary": "Rewrites the “harassment” definition in the stalking law, Tenn. Code Ann. 39-17-315(a)(3). The old test was contact that would cause a reasonable person to suffer emotional distress; the new test is conduct committed with reckless disregard for whether the victim will suffer emotional distress. The victim must still actually suffer distress, and the existing exclusion for constitutionally protected activity or conduct that serves a legitimate purpose is carried over unchanged.",
   "forLicensees": "Harassment now requires reckless disregard of the victim’s distress. The legitimate-purpose exclusion is not new, and the 2023 single tracker placement rule still applies.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Chapter 682",
     "url": "https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/113/pub/pc0682.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Virginia",
   "id": "hb-203",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/virginia#hb-203",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Human trafficking training for security officers, not investigators",
   "type": "House Bill 203, 2024 Acts chapter 367",
   "summary": "Amends Code of Va. 9.1-102 and 9.1-141 to require training in recognizing and reporting human trafficking for unarmed and armed security officers, couriers, security canine handlers, and alarm respondents. It is the only 2023–2026 amendment to the private security services article, and private investigators are not among the listed classifications.",
   "forLicensees": "No new training requirement for registered private investigators.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2024 Acts c. 367",
     "url": "https://legacylis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?241+ful+CHAP0367"
    },
    {
     "label": "Section 9.1-141",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title9.1/chapter1/section9.1-141/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Virginia",
   "id": "c494-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/virginia#c494-2024",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Decertification overhaul: impeachment evidence added, recruits covered, DCJS review, records closed",
   "type": "2024 Acts ch. 494 (SB 88), amending Va. Code 2.2-3711, 9.1-102, 15.2-1707, 15.2-1708, and 19.2-83.7",
   "summary": "15.2-1707: the reportable separations now include violations of law where a prosecution ends because the officer resigned; acts “in relation to” duties that compromise credibility, integrity, or honesty; and acts in the performance of duties that are exculpatory or impeachment evidence in a criminal case. Notice is due within 48 hours of the separation or of the completed internal investigation, depending on the ground. Recruits and field trainees who commit a decertifying act “shall be considered decertified.” The Board “may decertify” current or former officers; before, it “may initiate decertification proceedings.” The Board’s option to wait for a final conviction, and the rule that appealed misdemeanors and nonfinal misconduct findings did not count, were repealed. 15.2-1708: review now runs through DCJS under the Administrative Process Act, with appeal to the Board and then to court. The officer stays decertified while charges or appeals are pending, with a manifest-injustice exception for unadjudicated charges. Reinstatement petitions are allowed 5 years after the final decision, and 9.1-102(66) now requires reinstatement standards. New 15.2-1708(F) bars FOIA disclosure of decertification records.",
   "forOfficers": "Leaving a job over conduct that is impeachment evidence now leads to decertification without waiting for a final outcome.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2024 Acts ch. 494",
     "url": "http://legacylis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?241+ful+CHAP0494"
    },
    {
     "label": "Va. Code 15.2-1707",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/15.2-1707/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Va. Code 15.2-1708",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/15.2-1708/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Virginia",
   "id": "c542-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/virginia#c542-2024",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Universal certification for transferring officers, with a records check before the offer",
   "type": "2024 Acts chs. 542 (HB 1022) and 581 (SB 207), identical: new Va. Code 9.1-116.01",
   "summary": "A sworn officer with at least one year of experience “shall be eligible for employment” at any Virginia agency if the officer’s training meets current Board standards, the officer meets 15.2-1705 and 15.2-1706, has no break in service over 24 months, and leaves in good standing with no pending investigation or discipline. The Board may require more training on Virginia law. Before any conditional offer, the hiring agency “shall” request the 15.2-1705(B) records from all prior employing agencies, and “shall employ all reasonable means” to get out-of-state and federal records, including a waiver from the applicant. The applicant “shall” then sign a sworn declaration that the records are true and complete. A psychological exam may be required after a conditional offer.",
   "forOfficers": "With a year of service and good standing, you are eligible for hire by any Virginia agency, after a records check and a sworn declaration.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2024 Acts ch. 542",
     "url": "http://legacylis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?241+ful+CHAP0542"
    },
    {
     "label": "Va. Code 9.1-116.01",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/9.1-116.01/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Virginia",
   "id": "hb-898",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/virginia#hb-898",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "DNA notice, data bank reports, and identity sharing changed",
   "type": "HB 898 (2024 Acts ch. 210)",
   "summary": "The 19.2-270.5 DNA notice no longer must include the profiles; parties may get the underlying profiles under 19.2-187.2, with a continuance. The Department’s data bank report no longer includes the profile and identifying information (19.2-310.4), and the Department must give agencies taking part in the national DNA index the identifying information for confirmed candidate matches (19.2-310.5). Defense-requested analyses require that the Department have a method to perform them (9.1-1104). A signature on an evidence submission receipt, including an electronic one, is prima facie evidence that the lab properly received the material (19.2-187.01). The Committee’s lab director seat no longer must be filled from in state (9.1-1111).",
   "forPractitioners": "Request the underlying DNA profiles under 19.2-187.2; the notice alone no longer includes them.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 898",
     "url": "https://lis.virginia.gov/bill-details/20241/HB898/text/CHAP0210"
    },
    {
     "label": "Va. Code 19.2-270.5",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/19.2-270.5/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Virginia",
   "id": "hb-1496",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/virginia#hb-1496",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Police must report surveillance technology each year",
   "type": "HB 1496 (2024 Acts ch. 614); amended by 2025 Acts ch. 420",
   "summary": "State and local law enforcement agencies and sheriff’s departments must report to the Department of Criminal Justice Services by November 1 each year the surveillance technologies they used, accessed, or procured in the prior fiscal year (Va. Code 9.1-116.10). The listed examples include facial, voice, iris, and gait recognition software and mobile DNA capture technology.",
   "forPractitioners": "The annual reports can show whether an agency had biometric or mobile DNA tools.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Va. Code 9.1-116.10",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/9.1-116.10/"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 1496",
     "url": "https://lis.virginia.gov/bill-details/20241/HB1496"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "shb-1889",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/washington#shb-1889",
   "date": "2024-07-01",
   "title": "Immigration-status licensing law excludes investigators",
   "type": "SHB 1889, 2024 c 50",
   "summary": "Makes people not lawfully present eligible for most professional licenses and bars denial solely on immigration status, but RCW 18.415.010(6) says the chapter does not apply to private investigators (chapter 18.165 RCW) or security guards.",
   "forLicensees": "The citizenship or resident requirement in RCW 18.165.030(2) still applies.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2024 c 50",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2023-24/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/1889-S.SL.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Chapter 18.415 RCW",
     "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=18.415&full=true"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Louisiana",
   "id": "act-77-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/louisiana#act-77-2024",
   "date": "2024-06-30",
   "title": "Department and its boards re-created under the Sunset Law",
   "type": "Act No. 77 (HB 450), 2024 Regular Session",
   "summary": "Re-creates the Department of Public Safety and Corrections and the statutory entities placed in it, which include the PI Board (R.S. 36:409), with a new termination date of July 1, 2029.",
   "forLicensees": "The Board’s next sunset date is July 1, 2029, unless the Legislature acts.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 450",
     "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?s=24RS&b=HB450"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "cjstc-2024-contraband",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/florida#cjstc-2024-contraband",
   "date": "2024-06-25",
   "title": "Introducing contraband added to moral character violations",
   "type": "Rules 11B-27.0011 and 11B-27.005 (amended)",
   "summary": "Adds misdemeanor introduction of contraband into a correctional facility to the moral character violations that can lead to discipline, with a penalty guideline. The same package removed felony “other introduction of contraband” from the felony list in Rule 11B-27.005.",
   "forOfficers": "Bringing contraband into a facility, even as a misdemeanor, can cost your certification.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule notice",
     "url": "https://www.flrules.org/Gateway/View_notice.asp?id=28424703"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb24-1468",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/colorado#hb24-1468",
   "date": "2024-06-06",
   "title": "Facial recognition task force recast as an artificial intelligence task force",
   "type": "HB 24-1468, session law ch. 467",
   "summary": "The task force created by SB 22-113 to consider facial recognition became a 26-member artificial intelligence impact task force, with 4 legislators. Its remit now covers AI systems, automated decision systems and biometric technology, including recommendations on facial recognition. Its report was due February 1, 2025, and the task force is repealed September 1, 2027. The operative agency rules in C.R.S. 24-18-301 to -309 did not change.",
   "forPractitioners": "The rules on police facial recognition are unchanged; this is a temporary advisory body.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 24-1468",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/HB24-1468"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "essb-6009",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#essb-6009",
   "date": "2024-06-06",
   "title": "Hog-tying banned and treated as excessive force",
   "type": "ESSB 6009, Laws of 2024, ch. 291 (new RCW 10.116.022)",
   "summary": "“A peace officer is prohibited from: (a) Hog-tying a person; or (b) Assisting in putting a person into a hog-tie.” “Hog-tying shall constitute the use of excessive force for the purposes of RCW 10.93.190,” the duty to intervene. Alternative restraints that reduce the risk of positional asphyxia are allowed.",
   "forOfficers": "Hog-tying is excessive force; if you see it, the duty to intervene applies.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws of 2024, ch. 291",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2023-24/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/Senate/6009-S.SL.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "RCW 10.116.022",
     "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=10.116.022"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "hb-1530-ssb-6157",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#hb-1530-ssb-6157",
   "date": "2024-06-06",
   "title": "Permanent residents and DACA recipients may serve as peace officers",
   "type": "HB 1530, Laws of 2024, ch. 11; SSB 6157, Laws of 2024, ch. 330",
   "summary": "New RCW 10.93.165 lets agencies consider applications from citizens or lawful permanent residents. SSB 6157 adds DACA recipients to civil service eligibility (41.08.070, 41.12.070, 41.14.100) and to the status check in 43.101.095, and lets DACA peace and corrections officers possess firearms for duty (9.41.060, 9.41.171). WAC 139-07-020(1)(h) still lists only citizens and permanent residents; it has not been updated to match.",
   "forOfficers": "Permanent residents and DACA recipients can now apply for peace officer jobs.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws of 2024, ch. 11",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2023-24/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/1530.SL.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Laws of 2024, ch. 330",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2023-24/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/Senate/6157-S.SL.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "shb-2086",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#shb-2086",
   "date": "2024-06-06",
   "title": "Office of Independent Investigations gets wider access",
   "type": "SHB 2086, Laws of 2024, ch. 64",
   "summary": "The Office of Independent Investigations gets access to 911 center data and copies of records “as soon as possible.” The involved agency may learn about an ongoing investigation only through limited briefings, information essential to safety, or information that will not impede it. The deadline for its plan on non-law-enforcement investigators moves to December 1, 2025.",
   "forOfficers": "Your agency’s access to an ongoing independent investigation is limited.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws of 2024, ch. 64",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2023-24/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/2086-S.SL.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "i-2113",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#i-2113",
   "date": "2024-06-06",
   "title": "Initiative 2113 loosens pursuit limits again",
   "type": "Initiative Measure No. 2113, Laws of 2024, ch. 6",
   "summary": "An initiative to the Legislature, passed without the Governor’s signature. Officers may pursue on “reasonable suspicion a person has violated the law,” and the danger test changed from “serious risk of harm to” to “threat to the safety of” others (RCW 10.116.060). The restriction on firing at moving vehicles in 10.116.060(4), which allows it only to protect against an imminent threat of serious physical harm from an occupant’s use of a deadly weapon, did not change.",
   "forOfficers": "Check your agency’s pursuit policy; the statute now allows pursuit on reasonable suspicion of any violation, subject to the safety test.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2024 session laws, ch. 6",
     "url": "https://leg.wa.gov/CodeReviser/documents/sessionlaw/2024pam1.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "RCW 10.116.060",
     "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=10.116.060"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "West Virginia",
   "id": "sb-477",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/west-virginia#sb-477",
   "date": "2024-06-04",
   "title": "Health care workers’ personal information protected",
   "type": "SB 477 (2024), new W. Va. Code 61-3C-14d and 5A-8-25",
   "summary": "Makes it a misdemeanor to knowingly post a health care worker’s or family member’s home address, phone numbers, or photos of the home online with intent to threaten, intimidate, or incite violence, or with the intent and knowledge that it will be used that way, and lets health care workers ask officials to stop making such information available online.",
   "forLicensees": "Posting such information is a crime only with the stated intent.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "W. Va. Code 61-3C-14d",
     "url": "https://code.wvlegislature.gov/61-3C-14d/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb24-1372",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#hb24-1372",
   "date": "2024-06-03",
   "title": "Prone restraint policies and training required",
   "type": "HB24-1372, Ch. 348, Session Laws 2024",
   "summary": "By July 1, 2025, every agency with certified officers, every sheriff, and the State Patrol “shall” adopt and post prone-restraint policies (new C.R.S. 18-1-707(2.7)). Policies must cover calling for medical aid, rendering aid, and moving the person to a recovery position as soon as practicable, and must be reviewed every 5 years. By July 1, 2026, agencies “shall” train officers on them.",
   "forOfficers": "Move a restrained person out of the prone position as soon as practicable.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB24-1372",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB24-1372/348/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "ch-737-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maryland#ch-737-2024",
   "date": "2024-06-01",
   "title": "Applications and fees in the format the Secretary sets",
   "type": "Chapter 737 of 2024 (HB 172); crossfile Chapter 738 (SB 287)",
   "summary": "Amends 13-304, 13-308, 13-403, and 13-404.1 so agency and certification applications and renewals are submitted in the manner and format the Secretary designates, fees are paid by an approved method, and renewal notices are sent electronically. Fee amounts and qualifications did not change.",
   "forLicensees": "Renewal notices now arrive electronically.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 737",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2024RS/Chapters_noln/CH_737_hb0172t.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Indiana",
   "id": "lsa-23-821",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/indiana#lsa-23-821",
   "date": "2024-05-30",
   "title": "Existing rules readopted without change",
   "type": "Final rule",
   "summary": "Readopted 874 IAC 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, and 2-1 under Indiana’s five-year rule expiration law. Nothing was repealed.",
   "forLicensees": "Licensing, renewal, and fee rules remain in force unchanged.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Final rule",
     "url": "https://iar.iga.in.gov/register/20240626-IR-874230821RFA"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "ch-123-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/minnesota#ch-123-2024",
   "date": "2024-05-24",
   "title": "Prisoner transport brought under protective agent licensing",
   "type": "2024 Minn. Laws ch. 123, art. 5, secs. 13 to 15",
   "summary": "Private companies that provide guards to transport prisoners or people arrested on a warrant now need a protective agent license. The board must revoke, suspend, or refuse to issue or reissue a license if the license holder or its staff commits criminal sexual conduct or uses unreasonable force on a person being transported, with a minimum $10,000 administrative penalty per act. A 2025 law (ch. 35, art. 7, sec. 14) added transfers by people employed by a federal law enforcement agency to the transport exceptions.",
   "forLicensees": "No change for private detectives who do not transport people.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2024 session law",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2024/0/123/"
    },
    {
     "label": "House summary",
     "url": "https://www.house.mn.gov/NewLaws/story/2024/5593"
    },
    {
     "label": "2025 session law",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2025/0/35/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "dvs-tsa",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/minnesota#dvs-tsa",
   "date": "2024-05-16",
   "title": "No facial recognition in license data checks for TSA Registered Traveler",
   "type": "Laws 2024, ch. 104, art. 1, s. 69 (H.F. 3436)",
   "summary": "An amendment to 171.12 subd. 7b lets the commissioner use noncompliant licenses and ID cards to verify identity for TSA Registered Traveler participants, limited to listed data and credential security features, “which does not include facial recognition.”",
   "forPractitioners": "Narrow; this is not a rule on police use.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2024, ch. 104",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2024/0/104/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "sl-2024-1",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/north-carolina#sl-2024-1",
   "date": "2024-05-15",
   "title": "Training standards for school resource officers",
   "type": "S.L. 2024-1 (SB 508), section 2.8A",
   "summary": "New G.S. 17C-6(a)(22) and 17E-4(a)(18) direct both commissions to set initial and in-service training standards for school resource officers. New G.S. 115C-105.58 defines a school resource officer as any officer assigned to one or more schools at least 20 hours a week for more than 12 weeks a year, at public or authorized nonpublic schools. “All school resource officers shall comply” with the training requirements. Until the rules are amended, officers at nonpublic schools must meet the public-school training rules (12 NCAC 10B .0510 and 09B .0313). The section applies to agreements made or renewed on or after the date it became law.",
   "forOfficers": "If you work in schools 20 or more hours a week, the school resource officer training rules apply to you, including at nonpublic schools.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2024-1",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2023-2024/SL2024-1.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "id": "hb-1105",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/georgia#hb-1105",
   "date": "2024-05-01",
   "title": "DNA taken from people convicted of a felony who are subject to an immigration detainer",
   "type": "HB 1105 (2024), Act 505, sec. 13",
   "summary": "The act amends O.C.G.A. 35-3-160(b)(1) to add (C): a DNA sample must be taken from anyone convicted of a felony who is subject to an immigration detainer notice under 42-4-16. The detention facility or supervising entity sends the sample to the GBI Division of Forensic Sciences, and the profile goes into the DNA data bank. People convicted of a felony who were incarcerated or supervised were already covered. The new clause reaches detainer cases whatever their supervision status. It does not add arrestees, and misdemeanors are still excluded. Section 14(a) made the act effective on approval; only section 10, which is not the DNA section, waited until December 31, 2024.",
   "forPractitioners": "A DNA profile from a detainer case may now be in the state data bank even if the person was never incarcerated or supervised for the felony.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 1105, 2023–24 session",
     "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/all"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "reg-1205",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#reg-1205",
   "date": "2024-04-18",
   "title": "Criteria for demonstrating bias",
   "type": "Commission Regulation 1205",
   "summary": "Amends the serious misconduct regulation, first adopted effective January 1, 2023, to set the criteria POST uses to decide whether an officer demonstrated bias.",
   "forOfficers": "Bias is a stand-alone ground for suspension or revocation, judged by these criteria.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Bulletin 2023-70",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/bulletin/2023-70.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb24-1074",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#hb24-1074",
   "date": "2024-04-17",
   "title": "Duty to report and intervene reaches police dog handlers",
   "type": "HB24-1074, Ch. 69, Session Laws 2024",
   "summary": "The duties to report and to intervene in excessive force already existed (C.R.S. 18-8-802). They now name officers who handle law enforcement animals. The reporting duty also covers an officer who allows their animal to use excessive force.",
   "forOfficers": "Excessive force by a police dog must be reported like any other.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB24-1074",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB24-1074/69/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "wsr-24-07",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#wsr-24-07",
   "date": "2024-04-13",
   "title": "Commission bears the burden of proof; annual training rule widened",
   "type": "WSR 24-07-042 and 24-07-043",
   "summary": "WAC 139-03-070 and 139-06-070 now say “The burden of proof for the final administrative decision of the commission rests with the commission,” under a preponderance of the evidence standard, and the appellant bears it on appeal. Before, the appealing party had the burden. WAC 139-05-300 applies the 24-hour annual in-service rule to all certified officers, with limited authority and corrections officers covered from January 1, 2026.",
   "forOfficers": "In a certification case, CJTC must prove its case; you do not have to disprove it.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "WSR 24-07-042",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/law/wsr/2024/07/24-07-042.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "WSR 24-07-043",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/law/wsr/2024/07/24-07-043.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Nevada",
   "id": "sb-370",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/nevada#sb-370",
   "date": "2024-03-31",
   "title": "Consumer health data law and geofence ban",
   "type": "SB 370, Statutes of Nevada 2023, chapter 525",
   "summary": "Adds NRS 603A.400 to 603A.550 on consumer health data. NRS 603A.540 bars any person from setting a geofence within 1,750 feet of a medical facility or other in-person health care provider to identify or track people seeking care, collect their health data, or send them related messages.",
   "forLicensees": "The geofence ban applies to any person, including investigators.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "NRS 603A",
     "url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-603A.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "fgg-remains",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/washington#fgg-remains",
   "date": "2024-03-29",
   "title": "One-year money for genetic genealogy on unidentified remains",
   "type": "2024 c 376 s 402(13) (ESSB 5950, 2024 supplemental budget)",
   "summary": "The budget gave the State Patrol $500,000 in fiscal 2025 “provided solely for financial assistance to local jurisdictions to conduct DNA testing for unidentified remains, and for those remains that failed to yield a CODIS match, for forensic genetic genealogy DNA testing.” It defined that testing as at least 100,000 markers, compatible with genealogy databases whose users consented to law enforcement use, and said the genealogy records of the remains are confidential to the fullest extent allowed. The 2025–27 budget (2025 c 424 s 1402) reprinted the subsection unchanged; the 2026 supplemental (2026 c 268) has no such item.",
   "forPractitioners": "This covered unidentified remains only, not suspect searches. No Washington statute governs genetic genealogy.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2024 c 376",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2023-24/Htm/Bills/Session%20Laws/Senate/5950-S.SL.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "2025 c 424",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2025-26/Htm/Bills/Session%20Laws/Senate/5167-S.SL.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "yakima-lab",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/washington#yakima-lab",
   "date": "2024-03-29",
   "title": "Grant to the Yakima Valley crime lab, including a rapid DNA work group",
   "type": "2024 c 376 s 127(100) (ESSB 5950)",
   "summary": "The budget gave the Department of Commerce $395,000 in fiscal 2025, “provided solely” for a grant to the Yakima Valley local crime lab for firearm crime analysis and data collection, fentanyl death investigations, “and to support the rapid DNA work group.”",
   "forPractitioners": "One-time money; it set no rules for rapid DNA, and no Washington statute does.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2024 c 376",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2023-24/Htm/Bills/Session%20Laws/Senate/5950-S.SL.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Wisconsin",
   "id": "act-218",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/wisconsin#act-218",
   "date": "2024-03-28",
   "title": "Concealed carry for tactical EMS professionals",
   "type": "2023 Wisconsin Act 218",
   "summary": "Creates Wis. Stat. 440.26 (3m) (am). The department’s rules on carrying dangerous weapons by license and permit holders and their employees must allow a person certified as a tactical emergency medical services professional under Wis. Stat. 165.85 (3) to carry a concealed firearm.",
   "forLicensees": "No change for most private detectives. It matters only for staff who hold that certification.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act text",
     "url": "https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2023/related/acts/218"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "inmate-dna",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/florida#inmate-dna",
   "date": "2024-03-22",
   "title": "One-time DNA collection from state prison inmates",
   "type": "Ch. 2024-31 (HB 533)",
   "summary": "Every Department of Corrections inmate who had not given a DNA sample under s. 943.325 had to give one by September 30, 2024. The act is not codified.",
   "forPractitioners": "Expect database hits from inmates who were never sampled before 2024.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Ch. 2024-31",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/files/Ch_2024-031.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maine",
   "id": "pl-2023-c519",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maine#pl-2023-c519",
   "date": "2024-03-06",
   "title": "Stalking and terrorizing laws revised after Counterman v. Colorado",
   "type": "P.L. 2023, c. 519 (L.D. 2085), emergency law",
   "summary": "Rewrites the definition of course of conduct in 17-A M.R.S. 210-A(2)(A) so that threats and communications count when made while consciously disregarding a substantial risk of causing the statute’s effects, and adds a recklessness standard to terrorizing and telephone harassment. The existing coverage of following, monitoring, tracking, or surveilling a person by any device or means dates from 2007. Stalking still requires intentionally or knowingly engaging in conduct that would cause a reasonable person serious inconvenience, emotional distress, or fear.",
   "forLicensees": "Keep surveillance purposeful, limited, and documented.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L. 2023, c. 519",
     "url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/ros/LawsOfMaine/breeze/Law/getDocById/?docId=105846"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "09c-0306-2024",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/north-carolina#09c-0306-2024",
   "date": "2024-03-01",
   "title": "Police lateral transfers: release, 24-month file review, and background investigation",
   "type": "12 NCAC 09C .0306 (Criminal Justice Commission rule)",
   "summary": "For an officer separated from the prior agency for more than 30 days, the hiring agency must now get a signed, notarized release. It must obtain the full personnel file from agencies the officer worked for in the previous 24 months, and complete a background investigation. For an officer separated 30 days or less, a shorter track applies. The agency verifies certification, reviews the affidavit of separation (Form F-5B), runs a fingerprint check, files Form F-19, and completes in-service firearms training. The amendment drops the notice that a transferring officer serves a 1-year probationary appointment.",
   "forOfficers": "A transfer after more than 30 days out now brings a background investigation and a review of your recent personnel file.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "12 NCAC 09 rules",
     "url": "http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2012%20-%20justice/chapter%2009%20-%20criminal%20justice%20education%20and%20training%20standards/chapter%2009%20rules.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "09a-0205-0206",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/north-carolina#09a-0205-0206",
   "date": "2024-03-01",
   "title": "Summary suspension becomes mandatory for listed causes",
   "type": "12 NCAC 09A .0205 and .0206 (Criminal Justice Commission rules)",
   "summary": "Rule 09A .0206 changes “may” to “shall.” The Commission must now summarily suspend an officer who has committed or been convicted of a crime that requires permanent revocation, fails to complete in-service training, or has a positive drug test. Rule 09A .0205 also changes “may” to “shall” for reducing or suspending the minimum 5-year sanction, or substituting probation, “as determined on a case-by-case basis” for listed causes. A positive drug screen now counts when it cannot be explained to the satisfaction of the agency’s Medical Review Officer, a licensed physician. Before, the test was whether it could be explained as lawful.",
   "forOfficers": "Missing in-service training or a positive drug test now means mandatory summary suspension.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "12 NCAC 09 rules",
     "url": "http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2012%20-%20justice/chapter%2009%20-%20criminal%20justice%20education%20and%20training%20standards/chapter%2009%20rules.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-1445-hiring",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#sb-1445-hiring",
   "date": "2024-03-01",
   "title": "Hiring checks, model policies, and separation reports",
   "type": "SB 1445 (88th Leg.), ch. 1104",
   "summary": "Before hiring, agencies must check the TCOLE licensing status database, designated national databases, and out-of-state files (Occ. Code 1701.303, 1701.3035, 1701.451(a)). TCOLE must issue model policies on misconduct investigations and hiring, including investigations that continue after an officer separates and a provisional hiring period of at least 45 days (1701.4522), personnel files (1701.4535), and medical and psychological exams (1701.167). The act repealed 1701.452(b) and (c), 1701.4521, and 1701.4525. TCOLE states that the act removed the discharge designations on separation reports and the right to contest a separation report, effective March 1, 2024.",
   "forOfficers": "A separation report can no longer be contested through TCOLE, so read it before you leave.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1445",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/SB01445F.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "TCOLE proposed rules, October 2026",
     "url": "https://www.tcole.texas.gov/document/proposed-rules-217-3-217-8-repealed-20261016.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Pennsylvania",
   "id": "mpoetc-reading-tests",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/pennsylvania#mpoetc-reading-tests",
   "date": "2024-01-20",
   "title": "MPOETC approves two reading-comprehension tests",
   "type": "MPOETC notice, 54 Pa.B. 315, Doc. No. 24-91 (not a rule)",
   "summary": "Acting under Act 37 of 2023 (53 Pa.C.S. 2164(8)(iii)), MPOETC approved two tests: the Nelson-Denny at the ninth-grade level or above, and the reading section of the National Police Officer Selection Test at 70 percent or higher. The notice says the tests “may be used immediately.” The rule, 37 Pa. Code 203.11(a)(5), still names only the Nelson-Denny.",
   "forOfficers": "Applicants can meet the reading standard with either approved test.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "54 Pa.B. 315",
     "url": "https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pabull?file=/secure/pabulletin/data/vol54/54-3/91.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "rule-702",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/arizona#rule-702",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "Rule 702 amended to match the 2023 federal change",
   "type": "Ariz. Sup. Ct. Order R-23-0004, Ariz. R. Evid. 702",
   "summary": "The opening clause now requires that “the proponent demonstrates to the court that it is more likely than not that” elements (a) to (d) are met. Element (d) changed from “the expert has reliably applied” to “the expert’s opinion reflects a reliable application of” the principles and methods to the facts of the case. Elements (a) to (c) are unchanged. The Comment to the 2024 amendment says the change conforms to Federal Rule 702 as amended December 1, 2023, “to clarify the standard of proof that the proponent of expert testimony must satisfy as well as to address the issue of expert overstatement.” It adds that “cold” educative experts are still permitted, citing State v. Salazar-Mercado, 234 Ariz. 590 (2014).",
   "forPractitioners": "The proponent bears a preponderance burden on each element, and an opinion that claims more than the method supports can be challenged under (d).",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Order R-23-0004",
     "url": "https://www.azcourts.gov/Portals/0/20/2023%20Rules/R-23-0004%20Final%20Rules%20Order.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "reg-1950-1955",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#reg-1950-1955",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "Background, medical, and psychological standards updated",
   "type": "Commission Regulations 1950, 1953, 1954, and 1955",
   "summary": "Updates the background investigation, medical, and psychological evaluation standards for hiring. Conforms Regulation 1950 to SB 960 (2022), which replaced the citizenship requirement. Requires the POST Personal History Statement (POST 2-251) from January 1, 2024.",
   "forOfficers": "Applicants complete the POST 2-251 Personal History Statement.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Bulletin 2023-01",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/bulletin/2023-01.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bulletin 2023-25",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/bulletin/2023-25.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bulletin 2023-26",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/bulletin/2023-26.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-449",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#sb-449",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "Decertification reaches lapsed certificates; fraud cancellation",
   "type": "SB 449 (2023), ch. 397",
   "summary": "POST’s authority now covers any certificate or proof of eligibility, including invalid, inactive, expired, or canceled ones (PC 13510.1). POST may cancel a certificate obtained by fraud or misrepresentation, and temporary suspension reaches proofs of eligibility (PC 13510.8). Public hearing records may be redacted under PC 832.7(b)(6) and (7) (PC 13510.85). Agencies must keep investigation records for no less than two years, where the law had said up to two years, and POST may withhold information from the officer to protect an investigation or witnesses (PC 13510.9).",
   "forOfficers": "Letting a certificate lapse does not end POST’s jurisdiction over past misconduct.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 449",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB449"
    },
    {
     "label": "PC 13510.8",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=13510.8"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-97",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/california#sb-97",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "Easier habeas standards for new evidence and expert disputes",
   "type": "SB 97 (Stats. 2023, ch. 381)",
   "summary": "New evidence under Penal Code 1473(b)(1)(C) no longer must have been undiscoverable with due diligence. It must be new, presented without substantial delay, admissible, and material and credible enough that it more likely than not would have changed the outcome. The expert testimony ground in 1473(b)(1)(D) now reaches testimony “at trial or a hearing” that “more likely than not affected the outcome of the case.” Before, the testimony had to have been introduced at trial and contributed to the conviction. The act also allows remote appearance and presumes relief should be granted when the district attorney or Attorney General concedes.",
   "forPractitioners": "A changed-science claim can now attack expert testimony from a hearing, not only from trial.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 97",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB97"
    },
    {
     "label": "Penal Code 1473",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=1473."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-78",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/california#sb-78",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "Compensation finding after habeas relief",
   "type": "SB 78 (Stats. 2023, ch. 702)",
   "summary": "When specified habeas writs are granted and the charges are dismissed or the person is acquitted on retrial, the person may move for a finding that they are entitled to compensation (Penal Code 1485.55). The court must grant it unless the district attorney proves by clear and convincing evidence that the person committed the acts. The California Victim Compensation Board must approve payment if funds are available and appropriated. A district attorney must give the Attorney General at least 7 days’ notice before stipulating.",
   "forPractitioners": "After a forensic-based vacatur and dismissal, file for the 1485.55 finding.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 78",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB78"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-464",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/california#sb-464",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "New statewide audit of untested sexual assault kits",
   "type": "SB 464 (Stats. 2023, ch. 715)",
   "summary": "Law enforcement agencies, medical facilities, public crime labs, and other kit holders must audit untested sexual assault kits. By July 1, 2026, each agency and public crime lab had to create a record in the state’s SAFE-T database for every victim kit without completed DNA testing, and other holders had to report to the Department of Justice. The Department reports to the Legislature by July 1, 2027. Suspect kits are audited but kept out of SAFE-T. The act also let a victim ask that their kit not be tested, a right SB 733 later restructured.",
   "forPractitioners": "SAFE-T records can show how long a kit sat untested.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 464",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB464"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Hawaii",
   "id": "act-52-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/hawaii#act-52-2023",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "Carry licensing rewritten; licensed detectives exempt from the registered-owner rule",
   "type": "Act 52, SLH 2023 (SB 1230)",
   "summary": "Rewrites HRS 134-9. A carry license applicant must be the registered owner of the firearm, except detectives, private detectives, investigators, and guards with an active chapter 463 license (134-9(d)(2)). Adds a list of sensitive places where carrying is barred (134-9.1), with an exception for a chapter 463 licensee acting within the scope of employment and expressly authorized by the owner, lessee, operator, or manager of the premises.",
   "forLicensees": "A licensed detective may seek a carry license for a firearm registered to an employer; written authorization from the appropriate state agency or county police chief under HAR 16-97-17 is still required.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1230 CD1",
     "url": "https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessions/session2023/bills/SB1230_CD1_.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "HRS 134-9",
     "url": "https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol03_Ch0121-0200D/HRS0134/HRS_0134-0009.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Idaho",
   "id": "h-149",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/idaho#h-149",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "Clean Slate Act: courts may shield some criminal records",
   "type": "H 149 (2023), ch. 108 (Idaho Code 67-3004(11))",
   "summary": "Lets a person with a non-violent misdemeanor or felony drug possession record petition, 5 years after completing the sentence, to shield it; shielded court and State Police records become unavailable to the public.",
   "forLicensees": "Do not treat the absence of a record as conclusive.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "H 149",
     "url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/sessioninfo/2023/legislation/H0149/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-103-0389",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/illinois#pa-103-0389",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "Reciprocity waivers require a background check",
   "type": "P.A. 103-0389 (SB 1754)",
   "summary": "Under 705/8.1 and 8.2, experience in Illinois, another state, or a federal agency can support a training waiver. “Agencies seeking a reciprocity waiver for training completed outside of Illinois must conduct a thorough background check and provide verification of the officer’s prior training.” Before a waiver, candidates must complete Board-approved Illinois law and firearms coursework and pass the equivalency exam. The Board had to adopt uniform waiver rules within 60 days.",
   "forOfficers": "Lateral hires from other states or federal service need Illinois law and firearms coursework and the equivalency exam.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.A. 103-0389",
     "url": "https://ftp.ilga.gov/Public%20Acts/103/103-0389.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-103-0357",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/illinois#pa-103-0357",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "Work-authorized non-citizens and DACA recipients may be hired",
   "type": "P.A. 103-0357 (HB 3751)",
   "summary": "A person who is not a U.S. citizen but is legally authorized to work in the United States, or is a DACA recipient, may be appointed if federal law lets the person possess firearms. The sentence is added to 65 ILCS 5/10-1-7 and 10-2.1-6(a) and to Counties Code 3-6033 and 3-7008. In the two Counties Code sections the act strikes the requirement to be U.S. citizens. Municipal section 10-2.1-6(a) had no citizenship requirement to strike.",
   "forOfficers": "Work-authorized non-citizens can apply to municipal and county departments.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.A. 103-0357",
     "url": "https://ftp.ilga.gov/Public%20Acts/103/103-0357.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-103-0034",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/illinois#pa-103-0034",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "State Police Academy satisfies Police Training Act minimums",
   "type": "P.A. 103-0034 (HB 2412), section 10",
   "summary": "New 20 ILCS 2605/2605-51(a-5): “Successful completion of the Illinois State Police Academy satisfies the minimum standards” of the Police Training Act’s basic training sections and exempts State police officers from the State Comprehensive Examination and the Equivalency Examination.",
   "forOfficers": "State troopers who finish the State Police Academy do not take the ILETSB certification exams.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.A. 103-0034",
     "url": "https://ftp.ilga.gov/Public%20Acts/103/103-0034.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-103-34",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/illinois#pa-103-34",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "Medical examiner or coroner seat on the Commission",
   "type": "P.A. 103-34 (HB 2412)",
   "summary": "Adds “one member who is a medical examiner or coroner” to the Forensic Science Commission (2605-615(c)). The act also lets the State Police employ forensic anthropologists (2605-200).",
   "forPractitioners": "A minor change to the Commission’s membership.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.A. 103-34",
     "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/PublicActs/103/103-0034.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Hampshire",
   "id": "hb-97",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-hampshire#hb-97",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "Repeat violations of privacy become a felony",
   "type": "HB 97 (2023), Laws 2023, ch. 179",
   "summary": "Makes a second or subsequent conviction under RSA 644:9, I to III-a, which cover device surveillance of private places and private body parts, nonconsensual dissemination of sexual recordings, and voyeuristic viewing, a class B felony (644:9, VI). The underlying offenses and the paragraph V exception for employees investigating suspected illegal activity, rule violations, or insurance fraud with articulable suspicion were not changed.",
   "forLicensees": "Paragraph V names visual images, sound recordings, and other physical impressions, not location data, and covers only investigations supported by articulable suspicion.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "RSA 644:9",
     "url": "https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/LXII/644/644-9.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "pl2022-c65",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/new-jersey#pl2022-c65",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "Statewide officer licensing takes effect",
   "type": "P.L.2022, c.65 and PTC licensing rules",
   "summary": "No one “shall” be employed as a law enforcement officer without a valid, active PTC license. The act sets license requirements, a 3-year term, grounds for adverse action, mandatory revocation for listed convictions, hearings, and Index reporting. Agencies must report appointments, separations, and listed discipline or sustained findings to the PTC within 2 business days. Non-disclosure agreements that hide why an officer left are barred. Officers already serving got initial licenses without fees and cannot be denied based only on discipline for conduct before the act. Under the PTC rules, a Licensing Committee recommends adverse actions, hearing officers hear appeals, and agencies “must terminate, suspend, or refuse employment” to anyone whose license is denied, revoked, or suspended.",
   "forOfficers": "You need an active PTC license to work, and you must renew it.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L.2022, c.65",
     "url": "https://pub.njleg.gov/bills/2022/PL22/65_.HTM"
    },
    {
     "label": "AG release, January 31, 2024",
     "url": "https://www.njoag.gov/n-j-police-licensure-act-takes-effect/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "rule-1109",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-carolina#rule-1109",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "Investigators may take on interns and apprentices",
   "type": "Final rule, new 14B NCAC 16 .1109",
   "summary": "A PI licensee may employ a potential trainee as a probationary employee for 60 days, extendable by 30, and may take on interns enrolled in school for credit and apprentices in a registered North Carolina apprenticeship program. Before doing investigative work or seeing confidential client information, a probationary employee must complete 40 hours of one-on-one supervision and pass the licensee’s criminal record check, and the licensee must notify the Director in writing first. Participants must be at least 18, and their hours can count toward licensure if the employee complies with Rule .1102.",
   "forLicensees": "Supervised intern and apprentice hours can count toward the 3-year experience requirement when logged as Rule .1102 requires.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "NC Register 37:24",
     "url": "https://files.nc.gov/oah/documents/2023-06/Volume-37-Issue-24-June-15-2023.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oregon",
   "id": "hb-2052",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oregon#hb-2052",
   "date": "2024-01-01",
   "title": "Data broker registry",
   "type": "HB 2052, Oregon Laws 2023 chapter 395 (ORS 646A.593)",
   "summary": "A data broker must register with the Department of Consumer and Business Services before collecting, selling, or licensing brokered personal data in Oregon. FCRA- and GLBA-regulated activity and data about a business’s own customers or employees are excluded. Penalties are up to $500 per violation or per day, capped at $10,000 a year. There is no investigator exemption.",
   "forLicensees": "An investigator business that sells or licenses brokered personal data about Oregon residents must register unless an exclusion applies.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2023 c.395",
     "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2023orLaw0395.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "id": "sb-517",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/georgia#sb-517",
   "date": "2024",
   "title": "Immunity extended to force justified under the arrest statute",
   "type": "SB 517 (2024)",
   "summary": "O.C.G.A. 16-3-24.2 gives immunity from criminal prosecution to a person who uses threats or force in line with the self-defense sections “or 17-4-20,” the statute on arrests and use of force by officers. Under 51-11-9, a person justified under those sections, including 17-4-20, “has no duty to retreat” and “shall not be held liable” in a civil action brought by the person force was used against. The criminal immunity does not apply if, in using deadly force, the person “utilizes a weapon the carrying or possession of which is unlawful.” The bill’s title states its purpose is immunity for officers whose force is justified; the enrolled text does not show which words were added.",
   "forOfficers": "Force justified under 17-4-20 can support an immunity claim in criminal and civil cases.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 517",
     "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/67144"
    },
    {
     "label": "SB 517 as passed",
     "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/api/legislation/document/20232024/229098"
    },
    {
     "label": "Governor’s 2024 signed legislation",
     "url": "https://gov.georgia.gov/executive-action/legislation/signed-legislation/2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Michigan",
   "id": "mcoles-cpe",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/michigan#mcoles-cpe",
   "date": "2024",
   "title": "MCOLES continuing education: 12 hours in 2024, then 24 hours a year",
   "type": "MCOLES Continuing Professional Education program (not a statute or rule)",
   "summary": "2024: 12 hours, with at least 4 on ethics in policing and interpersonal relations. 2025: 24 hours, with at least 8 on mental health crisis. 2026: 24 hours, with at least 8 on tactical operations; officers who have not yet completed the active violence response training must complete it within those hours. 2027: 24 hours, with at least 8 on investigations. Hours an agency picks itself need approval in advance from the agency head and MCOLES. Agencies must request any extensions. MCOLES calls the program a pilot for 2024 to 2026. It rests on the rule that MCOLES “may” set in-service standards (R 28.14210, adopted under MCL 28.611(2)(a)); no statute sets annual hours, and no rule amendment was made. Whether missing the hours affects a license could not be checked from official sources on October 19, 2026.",
   "forOfficers": "Plan for 24 hours in 2026, including at least 8 on tactical operations.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "MCOLES CPE",
     "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/mcoles/cpe"
    },
    {
     "label": "CPE Quick Reference Guide",
     "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/mcoles/-/media/Project/Websites/mcoles/Continuing-Professional-Education/Quick-Reference/CPE-2024---2027-Quick-Reference-Guide_091426.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "sb-131",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/ohio#sb-131",
   "date": "2023-12-29",
   "title": "Licensing for applicants from other states",
   "type": "Senate Bill 131, 134th General Assembly",
   "summary": "Rewrote ORC 4749.12. PISGS must issue a license under ORC Chapter 4796 to a person licensed as a private investigator or security guard provider in another state, or to a person with qualifying work experience or certification from a state that does not issue the license. The former provision let the director waive the exam for some nonresidents licensed in another state.",
   "forLicensees": "Investigators licensed in another state have a path to an Ohio license under Chapter 4796.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "ORC 4749.12",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-4749.12"
    },
    {
     "label": "SB 131",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/134/sb131"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "sb-131",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/ohio#sb-131",
   "date": "2023-12-29",
   "title": "Certification by endorsement for officers licensed or experienced elsewhere",
   "type": "Am. Sub. SB 131 (134th GA)",
   "summary": "New R.C. 109.73(E) and 109.77(L) say the commission or its executive director “shall issue” a certificate under R.C. Chapter 4796 to a person who holds an officer license in another state. The same applies to a person with qualifying work experience in a state that does not license officers; the 2026 rule extends this to service in a federal agency or the uniformed services. Firearm basic and requalification certificates are excluded. Before, OAC 109:2-1-12(B) gave only credit for prior equivalent training. Officers with 5 or more years elsewhere needed only Ohio-mandated topics, and everyone had to pass the state exam. What is new is a full certificate without Ohio training; the state exam is still required. The May 29, 2026 rule sets the details. Out-of-state licensees need 1 year licensed, good standing, and 1 of the last 5 years as an officer. Experience-based applicants need 3 of the last 5 years.",
   "forOfficers": "If you are licensed in another state, you may qualify for an Ohio certificate without the academy, but you must pass the state exam.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 131 status",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/134/sb131/status"
    },
    {
     "label": "R.C. 109.77 as of December 29, 2023",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-109.77/12-29-2023"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "id": "rule-295-2-01",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/georgia#rule-295-2-01",
   "date": "2023-12-17",
   "title": "Instructor certifications expire with company licenses",
   "type": "Final rule, joint rule 295-2-.01",
   "summary": "The Secretary of State’s joint expiration rule now lists “Companies and Instructors” for this Board, so Board-certified training instructors expire June 30 of odd-numbered years, the same date as company licenses. Employee registrations stay on the August 31 cycle.",
   "forLicensees": "Certified instructors renew by June 30 of odd-numbered years.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule 295-2-.01",
     "url": "https://rules.sos.ga.gov/gac/295-2-.01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Pennsylvania",
   "id": "act-53-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/pennsylvania#act-53-2023",
   "date": "2023-12-14",
   "title": "Wiretap Act, with its private detective exception, extended to 2029",
   "type": "Act 53 of 2023",
   "summary": "Amends 18 Pa.C.S. 5781 to extend the Wiretap Act’s expiration from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2029. Without the extension, all of Chapter 57 would have expired, including the exception in section 5704(17) that lets a private detective licensed under the 1953 Act intercept a wire, electronic, or oral communication when under a reasonable suspicion that the intercepted party is committing, about to commit, or has committed a crime of violence and there is reason to believe evidence of that crime may be obtained from the interception, and the tracking device order provisions in section 5761. The Act also added section 5704(19), on telemarketing calls, along with provisions on recordings by parole agents and Department of Corrections officers (sections 5702, 5729, and 5750).",
   "forLicensees": "The private detective interception exception in section 5704(17) remains in force through December 31, 2029, unless extended again.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 53 of 2023",
     "url": "https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/US/HTM/2023/0/0053..HTM"
    },
    {
     "label": "18 Pa.C.S. 5704",
     "url": "https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/18/00.057.004.000..HTM"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Pennsylvania",
   "id": "act-37-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/pennsylvania#act-37-2023",
   "date": "2023-12-14",
   "title": "Fitness and reading standards written into statute; lower enrollment floor for Philadelphia academies",
   "type": "Act 37 of 2023 (HB 863), P.L.342",
   "summary": "Before Act 37, 53 Pa.C.S. 2164(8) said only that MPOETC requires minimum standards for physical fitness, psychological evaluation, and education. The act adds subparagraphs (i) to (iv). Under (i), at a school in a city of the first class (Philadelphia), an applicant must reach the 30th Cooper percentile to be eligible for employment, and a school “may not enroll” a recruit below the 15th percentile. The 30th percentile repeats the existing rule (37 Pa. Code 203.11(a)(8)). Under (ii), subparagraph (i) expires 5 years after it took effect, about December 14, 2028. Under (iii), the education standard must include a reading-comprehension test approved by MPOETC, and MPOETC had to approve two tests right away. Subparagraph (iv), a Joint State Government Commission study, expired December 10, 2024.",
   "forOfficers": "Philadelphia academies can enroll recruits between the 15th and 30th percentile, but the 30th is still required to be hired.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 37 of 2023",
     "url": "https://www.palegis.us/statutes/unconsolidated/law-information/view-statute?txtType=HTM&SessYr=2023&ActNum=0037.&SessInd=0&iFrame=true"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 863, PN 2410",
     "url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/text/HTM/2023/0/HB0863/PN2410"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Pennsylvania",
   "id": "act-10-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/pennsylvania#act-10-2023",
   "date": "2023-12-10",
   "title": "Fingerprint checks put in statute; certification term capped at no more than 2 years; school directors brought under discipline",
   "type": "Act 10 of 2023 (SB 836), P.L.49",
   "summary": "New 53 Pa.C.S. 2164(7.1) gives MPOETC power “to require” fingerprints from people applying to attend basic training, for police certification, or for instructor or school director approval. The State Police checks its own records and sends the prints to the FBI. Results “may be considered only” as they bear on suitability. The rules already required State Police and FBI fingerprint cards in the certification application (37 Pa. Code 203.15(b)(2)), and the House fiscal note says MPOETC was already running these checks under a temporary FBI waiver. The act gives that practice a basis in statute. The definition of “certification” already said “Certification is for a period of two years”; the act inserted “not more than.” The rules also set a 2-year term (37 Pa. Code 203.13). Sections 2164(3) and (3.1) now let MPOETC approve, suspend, or revoke the approval of school directors, and a revoked director may seek reinstatement after 1 year. The act also adds definitions of “approval,” “instructor,” and “school director.”",
   "forOfficers": "The fingerprint check works as before but now rests on statute; certification lasts no more than 2 years.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 10 of 2023",
     "url": "https://www.palegis.us/statutes/unconsolidated/law-information/view-statute?txtType=HTM&SessYr=2023&ActNum=0010.&SessInd=0&iFrame=true"
    },
    {
     "label": "SB 836, PN 925",
     "url": "https://www.palegis.us/legislation/bills/text/HTM/2023/0/SB0836/PN0925"
    },
    {
     "label": "Fiscal note",
     "url": "https://www.palegis.us/WU01/LI/BI/FN/2023/0/SB0836P0925.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Montana",
   "id": "mar-24-182-36",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/montana#mar-24-182-36",
   "date": "2023-12-09",
   "title": "Rules overhauled; investigator continuing education repealed",
   "type": "MAR Notice No. 24-182-36",
   "summary": "Repeals the investigator continuing education rules (ARM 24.182.2101 to 24.182.2108) and inactive status, and keeps the 5,400-hour experience requirement with up to 2,700 hours from training or education.",
   "forLicensees": "No continuing education is required.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Notice of amendment and repeal",
     "url": "https://rules.mt.gov/api/policy-library-public/collections/5e1173a6-33c7-4df8-b426-5e0077cfc430/policies/df75757f-9b40-4962-a8f3-6cc51dfd54fc"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "id": "rule-509-2-02",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/georgia#rule-509-2-02",
   "date": "2023-12-06",
   "title": "Company qualification rule: any law enforcement agency counts",
   "type": "Final rule, 509-2-.02",
   "summary": "Law enforcement experience toward the 2-year company qualification now counts from any federal, state, county, or municipal agency, not only a police department. A dual detective and security company must meet both standards. The rule dropped the 45-day exam filing deadline and the 60-day deadline to complete an application.",
   "forLicensees": "Investigators from non-police agencies can qualify a company with their law enforcement experience.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule 509-2-.02",
     "url": "https://rules.sos.ga.gov/gac/509-2-.02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "bsis-power-to-arrest",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/california#bsis-power-to-arrest",
   "date": "2023-12-01",
   "title": "Power to Arrest training updated for use of force",
   "type": "Final rule, 16 CCR 628, 631, 633, 635, 643, and 646",
   "summary": "BSIS amended its Power to Arrest training rules to carry out AB 229 (2021) and AB 2515 (2022), which require the training to cover appropriate use of force. Investigators applying for a firearms permit complete the Power to Arrest course as well as firearms training.",
   "forLicensees": "A firearms permit application now requires the updated Power to Arrest and use of force course.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Approved regulations, 2023",
     "url": "https://www.bsis.ca.gov/about_us/laws/approved_regs2023.shtml"
    },
    {
     "label": "Notice of proposed action",
     "url": "https://www.bsis.ca.gov/about_us/laws/powertoarrest_notice.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "20-csr-2234-1-050-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/missouri#20-csr-2234-1-050-2023",
   "date": "2023-11-30",
   "title": "Fee rule reworded; amounts unchanged",
   "type": "Final rule",
   "summary": "The board described the amendment as a language cleanup. It drops the word “fee” from each line item, states the additional agency license fees as $200 initial and $100 renewal, and renames the insufficient funds fee the bad check fee ($25). No fee amount changed.",
   "forLicensees": "No change in what you pay.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "20 CSR 2234-1.050",
     "url": "https://www.sos.mo.gov/cmsimages/adrules/csr/current/20csr/20c2234-1.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Proposed amendment, Missouri Register",
     "url": "https://www.sos.mo.gov/CMSImages/AdRules/moreg/2023/v48n13July3/v48n13.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "rule-2023-nov",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#rule-2023-nov",
   "date": "2023-11-15",
   "title": "P.O.S.T. rules: hearing procedure for revocation and suspension",
   "type": "4 CCR 901-1, tracking no. 2023-00439",
   "summary": "The rulemaking summary says it sets administrative hearing procedures for revocation and suspension cases, expands the Director’s authority for urgent public-safety situations, and clarifies academy and applicant procedures. The rule text was not compared with the earlier version.",
   "forOfficers": "Revocation and suspension cases follow the hearing procedure in the P.O.S.T. rules.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rulemaking 2023-00439",
     "url": "https://www.coloradosos.gov/CCR/eDocketDetails.do?trackingNum=2023-00439"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "olenowski-ii",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/new-jersey#olenowski-ii",
   "date": "2023-11-15",
   "title": "Drug recognition expert testimony admitted with limits; Daubert rulings reviewed fresh on appeal",
   "type": "State v. Olenowski, 255 N.J. 529 (2023) (Olenowski II)",
   "summary": "Appeals courts review trial-court Daubert reliability rulings in criminal cases de novo; other expert issues stay under abuse of discretion. Drug recognition expert testimony meets the standard with four safeguards. The expert may say only that findings are “consistent with” drug use. The testimony must be excluded if the State, without a persuasive reason, did not reasonably try to get a toxicology report. The defense must get a fair chance to impeach. Model jury instructions should be considered.",
   "forPractitioners": "On appeal, a Daubert ruling on a forensic method gets fresh review, not deference.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "State v. Olenowski",
     "url": "https://www.njcourts.gov/system/files/court-opinions/2023/a_56_18.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Indiana",
   "id": "lsa-23-52",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/indiana#lsa-23-52",
   "date": "2023-11-14",
   "title": "Convictions of concern and pre-licensure determinations",
   "type": "Final rule",
   "summary": "Adds 874 IAC 3. Lists the convictions that may disqualify an applicant, allows probationary licenses, and creates a $25 petition for a determination before applying.",
   "forLicensees": "Applicants or firm qualifiers with a criminal record can get a ruling for $25 before applying.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Final rule",
     "url": "https://iar.iga.in.gov/register/20231213-IR-874230052FRA"
    },
    {
     "label": "Rulemaking docket",
     "url": "https://www.in.gov/pla/rulesingov/lsa23-52-indiana-private-investigator-and-security-guard-licensing-board/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "rules-2023-11",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-carolina#rules-2023-11",
   "date": "2023-11-01",
   "title": "Trainees keep their own hour logs",
   "type": "Final rule, 14B NCAC 16 .0205 and .1101",
   "summary": "Rule .1101 now makes the PI associate, not the supervising licensee, keep the trainee log. Rule .0205 now covers a corporate licensee whose corporate status is dissolved or suspended.",
   "forLicensees": "Trainees are responsible for their own hour logs.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "NC Register 37:19",
     "url": "https://files.nc.gov/oah/documents/2023-04/Volume-37-Issue-19-April-3-2023.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "sb-1221",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/arizona#sb-1221",
   "date": "2023-10-30",
   "title": "Investigators may fingerprint unidentified hospital patients",
   "type": "Senate Bill 1221, Laws 2023, Chapter 163",
   "summary": "A licensed hospital may ask a criminal justice agency to identify an incapacitated or deceased unidentified patient through fingerprints or biometrics. A private investigator registered under Chapter 24 may take the fingerprints or biometric information and give them to the agency without the patient’s consent; the agency returns only the patient’s name. Now codified at A.R.S. 41-2415.",
   "forLicensees": "Registered investigators have express authority to do this work at a hospital’s request.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, Ch. 163",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/56leg/1r/laws/0163.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "A.R.S. 41-2415",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/ars/41/02415.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "ch-73-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/arizona#ch-73-2023",
   "date": "2023-10-30",
   "title": "Hiring agency repays training costs when it hires away a newly certified officer",
   "type": "Laws 2023, Ch. 73 (SB 1369), new A.R.S. 41-1828.02",
   "summary": "An agency that paid an officer’s certification and training costs “may seek” repayment from the agency that hires the officer after the officer leaves voluntarily. The hiring agency “shall” repay on a sliding scale: 100% within 12 months, 75% from 12 to 24 months, and 50% from 24 to 36 months. The original agency may waive repayment, and hardship is a presumptive reason to waive. The hiring agency “may not” make the officer repay, and may not weigh the cost when deciding whom to hire. The section does not apply if the officer spent 1 year or more out of employment as a certified peace officer before the new hire.",
   "forOfficers": "A lateral move in your first 3 years cannot be charged to you.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, Ch. 73",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/56Leg/1R/laws/0073.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "ch-190-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/arizona#ch-190-2023",
   "date": "2023-10-30",
   "title": "Local agencies may charge for copies of police video",
   "type": "Laws 2023, Ch. 190 (SB 1148), new A.R.S. 39-129",
   "summary": "A county, city, town, or other political subdivision “may” set a one-time fee for a copy of a video recording requested from a local law enforcement agency, “not to exceed $46 per video-hour reviewed.” It may consider the cost of reviewing, copying, and redacting. The fee is permissive. The same act gives crime victims free police reports and video under 13-4405 and 39-127.",
   "forOfficers": "Public requests for footage of your encounters may now come with a fee.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, Ch. 190",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/56Leg/1R/laws/0190.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Arizona",
   "id": "sb-1055",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/arizona#sb-1055",
   "date": "2023-10-30",
   "title": "State forensics fund limited to accredited full-service crime labs",
   "type": "Laws 2023, ch. 186 (SB 1055), A.R.S. 41-1730",
   "summary": "The act struck the fixed shares of the DPS forensics fund: DPS kept 55 percent, and 22, 12, 7 and 4 percent went to the Phoenix, Tucson, Mesa and Scottsdale police departments. Money now goes each quarter to each “full-service crime laboratory,” in proportion to crimes reported in the areas each lab serves. The act also struck the old basis for adjusting shares and the requirement that lab directors agree on the formula. It relettered the lab definition from (E) to (F). The degreed forensic scientist and DEA registration requirements carried over. New are: operation by a state criminal justice agency as an option, a “full-time” scientist in place of a “regularly employed” one, accreditation to ILAC G19 and ISO/IEC 17025 or 17020 or field-specific standards ((F)(4)), and at least six listed disciplines, one of them DNA, digital forensics or drug toxicology ((F)(5)).",
   "forPractitioners": "An unaccredited lab may still work and testify; it only loses its share of this fund.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, ch. 186",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/56leg/1R/laws/0186.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "A.R.S. 41-1730",
     "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/ars/41/01730.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oregon",
   "id": "dpsst-9-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oregon#dpsst-9-2023",
   "date": "2023-10-26",
   "title": "Continuing education may be remote or self-study",
   "type": "Final rule, DPSST 9-2023 (OAR 259-061-0240, -0005)",
   "summary": "Allows continuing education in person, remotely, or by self-study, removes hour limits on individual sources, and clarifies carryover. The 32- and 40-hour requirements and the 15-hour carryover were already set by ORS 703.447.",
   "forLicensees": "Remote and self-study courses count toward the required hours.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "DPSST 9-2023",
     "url": "https://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSCMSearch/Search/RecordViewer.aspx?uri=9848309"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maine",
   "id": "pl-2023-c235",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maine#pl-2023-c235",
   "date": "2023-10-25",
   "title": "Investigative record copies free for crime victims and their agents",
   "type": "P.L. 2023, c. 235 (L.D. 1438)",
   "summary": "Replaces 16 M.R.S. 805 with 805-A, the exceptions to confidentiality of intelligence and investigative records. As before, “agent” includes a licensed professional investigator. New: agencies may not charge a crime victim or the victim’s agent or attorney for copies, and a person is entitled to one free copy of a complaint the person made.",
   "forLicensees": "Copies you receive as a crime victim’s agent are free.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L. 2023, c. 235",
     "url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/ros/LawsOfMaine/breeze/Law/getDocById/?docId=102705"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Maine",
   "id": "pl-2023-c227",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/maine#pl-2023-c227",
   "date": "2023-10-25",
   "title": "Violation of privacy: new offenses when the person is under 16",
   "type": "P.L. 2023, c. 227 (L.D. 115)",
   "summary": "Adds offenses to 17-A M.R.S. 511(1) for violating privacy, including by surveillance devices in a private place, when the person is under 16. The existing prohibitions on trespassing to observe a private place and on devices that capture what is not ordinarily visible or audible are unchanged.",
   "forLicensees": "Take extra care when minors are in a subject’s household.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L. 2023, c. 227",
     "url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/ros/LawsOfMaine/breeze/Law/getDocById/?docId=102683"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "New York",
   "id": "stevens",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/new-york#stevens",
   "date": "2023-10-24",
   "title": "Court of Appeals upholds familial DNA searching",
   "type": "Matter of Stevens v New York State Div. of Criminal Justice Servs., 40 N.Y.3d 505",
   "summary": "Reversed the Appellate Division and dismissed the challenge, holding that the DNA Databank Act gave the Commission on Forensic Science and its DNA Subcommittee authority to adopt the familial DNA search regulations in 9 NYCRR 6192.1 and 6192.3.",
   "forPractitioners": "Familial search leads under Part 6192 rest on regulations the State’s highest court has upheld.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Stevens, 2023 NY Slip Op 05351",
     "url": "https://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/3dseries/2023/2023_05351.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "wsr-23-19-038",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#wsr-23-19-038",
   "date": "2023-10-14",
   "title": "Rules for limited authority and reserve officers",
   "type": "WSR 23-19-038",
   "summary": "Puts SHB 1132 into effect for limited authority officers and adds reporting of reserve officers’ use of force, suspensions, and misconduct.",
   "forOfficers": "Reserve officers’ use of force and misconduct are now reported to CJTC.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "WSR 23-19-038",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/law/wsr/2023/19/23-19-038.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "ab-1244",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/california#ab-1244",
   "date": "2023-10-08",
   "title": "New qualified manager license",
   "type": "Assembly Bill 1244, Chapter 571, Statutes of 2023",
   "summary": "From January 1, 2025, a qualified manager certificate holder who wants to manage a PI license other than their own must hold a qualified manager license, and a person may be qualified manager for no more than five licensees (7536(c)). Section 7525.2 sets the application requirements, the license expires every two years, and section 7570 sets its fees. The bill also revised the firearms permit sections (7542 to 7542.6), changing some mandatory revocations to discretionary ones.",
   "forLicensees": "A qualified manager for another licensee’s business needs the separate qualified manager license, renewed every two years.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "AB 1244",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB1244"
    },
    {
     "label": "Section 7536",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&sectionNum=7536."
    },
    {
     "label": "Section 7525.2",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&sectionNum=7525.2."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "hb-33-cpt",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/ohio#hb-33-cpt",
   "date": "2023-10-03",
   "title": "24 hours of annual training no longer depends on funding",
   "type": "Am. Sub. HB 33 (135th GA)",
   "summary": "R.C. 109.803(A)(1) used to call for “up to twenty-four hours” a year as OPOTC directed, and said, “If no funding for the reimbursement is available, no continuing professional training will be required.” It now says appointing authorities “shall require” 24 hours each calendar year. At least 24 hours “shall be reimbursed” and up to 40 “may be reimbursed.” The rule already made completing the hours a condition of carrying a firearm and performing peace-officer functions. OAC 109:2-18-02 was amended effective March 30, 2026 to reflect the fixed requirement.",
   "forOfficers": "Complete 24 hours of continuing training every year; a funding gap no longer suspends the requirement.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "R.C. 109.803",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-109.803"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 33 status",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/135/hb33/status"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "hb-33-kits",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/ohio#hb-33-kits",
   "date": "2023-10-03",
   "title": "Yearly sexual assault kit reports; victims may stop kit destruction",
   "type": "HB 33 (135th General Assembly, fiscal 2024–25 budget)",
   "summary": "New R.C. 2933.821 requires every governmental evidence-retention entity that receives, keeps or preserves kits to report to the Attorney General within 180 days and then every year. Reports cover tested and untested kits, dates received, submitted and tested, CODIS entry dates or why no profile was made, why kits went untested, kits held over 30 days, and kits destroyed and why. The Attorney General publishes a summary that names entities that did not report. New R.C. 109.68(D) gives a victim the right to ask for kit testing dates and results, whether a profile was obtained, and database match status; to get notice at least 60 days before destruction; and to ask that the kit be kept for up to 30 years. New 2933.82(B)(8)(b) lets that request override the 5-year destruction rule after a plea.",
   "forPractitioners": "Kit backlogs and destruction are now on the record each year; check the Attorney General summary for the agency in your case.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "R.C. 2933.821",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2933.821"
    },
    {
     "label": "R.C. 109.68",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-109.68"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bill status",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/135/hb33/status"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb23-1034",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/colorado#hb23-1034",
   "date": "2023-10-01",
   "title": "Post-conviction DNA testing opened to people out of custody, and testing made mandatory on a showing",
   "type": "HB 23-1034, session law ch. 15, C.R.S. 18-1-411 to -416",
   "summary": "Before the act, only an incarcerated person could apply, and only to show “actual innocence”; that definition was repealed. Now an “eligible person” may apply at any time: anyone convicted of, or found not guilty by reason of insanity of, a Colorado felony, including people in prison, on parole or probation, registered as sex offenders, or done with their sentence (18-1-411(3.3)). The court must order testing if it finds a reasonable probability the person would not have been convicted had favorable results been obtained at the original prosecution, finds by a preponderance that police collected and still hold testable biological evidence, and finds by a preponderance either that DNA results were not available before conviction, that previously tested evidence can now get more advanced, scientifically reliable testing likely to give more probative results, or that the person did not get testing for a listed reason (18-1-413(1)). A later petition on new grounds may be heard, if the petitioner meets due-diligence or no-prior-hearing conditions, for good cause or in the interests of justice (18-1-413(2)). If results are favorable, the court must hold a hearing within 30 days and enter an order within 30 days after it, which may vacate the conviction (18-1-416(1.5)).",
   "forPractitioners": "A client who has finished the sentence can now seek testing, including retesting with newer methods.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 23-1034, final act",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bill_files/91417/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Connecticut",
   "id": "pa-23-23",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/connecticut#pa-23-23",
   "date": "2023-10-01",
   "title": "Process may be served by an indifferent person only where a statute allows",
   "type": "Public Act 23-23 (HB 6786), section 4",
   "summary": "Amends Conn. Gen. Stat. 52-50 so process may be directed to an indifferent person only when authorized by statute; an indifferent person who knowingly serves process without that authority commits a class A misdemeanor.",
   "forLicensees": "A private detective license does not authorize serving civil process.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Act 23-23",
     "url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/2023/ACT/PA/PDF/2023PA-00023-R00HB-06786-PA.PDF"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "autopsy-corrections",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/maryland#autopsy-corrections",
   "date": "2023-10-01",
   "title": "Longer window to ask for corrections to autopsy findings",
   "type": "2023 Md. Laws ch. 296 (HB 863), Health-Gen. 5-310(d), now codified at 5-309(d)",
   "summary": "A person in interest may ask the medical examiner to correct findings and conclusions on the cause and manner of death recorded on a death certificate within 180 days after they are filed, up from 60 days. The right does not apply to a finding of homicide. A denial may be appealed to the Secretary of Health and heard as a contested case.",
   "forPractitioners": "Except in homicide findings, a family has 180 days from filing to seek a correction of cause or manner of death.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2023 Md. Laws ch. 296",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2023RS/Chapters_noln/CH_296_hb0863t.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Montana",
   "id": "sb-454",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/montana#sb-454",
   "date": "2023-10-01",
   "title": "Board of Private Security abolished",
   "type": "SB 454, Ch. 481, L. 2023",
   "summary": "Repeals the Board of Private Security (MCA 2-15-1781, 37-60-201) and gives its authority to the Department of Labor and Industry, which now adopts and enforces the rules (37-60-202).",
   "forLicensees": "Licenses, complaints, and rules are handled by Department staff.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 454",
     "url": "https://bills.legmt.gov/#/bill/20231/LC2182"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Montana",
   "id": "sb-321",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/montana#sb-321",
   "date": "2023-10-01",
   "title": "Stalking: monitoring includes GPS devices",
   "type": "SB 321, Ch. 444, L. 2023",
   "summary": "Provides that “monitors” in the stalking statute includes use of any electronic, digital, or global positioning device or similar technology (MCA 45-5-220(2)(b)).",
   "forLicensees": "The stalking law has no investigator exemption.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 321",
     "url": "https://bills.legmt.gov/#/bill/20231/LC0775"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Montana",
   "id": "hb-115",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/montana#hb-115",
   "date": "2023-10-01",
   "title": "Uniform penalties for unlicensed practice",
   "type": "HB 115, Ch. 366, L. 2023",
   "summary": "Lets the Department issue cease-and-desist orders for unlicensed practice, with penalties up to $1,000 a day for violating one (MCA 37-1-109), and repeals the chapter’s own penalty section (37-60-411).",
   "forLicensees": "Unlicensed investigative work faces daily penalties.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 115",
     "url": "https://bills.legmt.gov/#/bill/20231/LC0395"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Nevada",
   "id": "sb-32",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/nevada#sb-32",
   "date": "2023-10-01",
   "title": "Prisoner transport businesses exempted",
   "type": "SB 32, Statutes of Nevada 2023, chapter 103",
   "summary": "Adds NRS 648.018(17), exempting businesses engaged exclusively in transporting people for custody transfers or extradition. It is the only amendment to NRS 648 from 2023 through October 2026.",
   "forLicensees": "Investigator licensing is unchanged.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2023 ch. 103",
     "url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Statutes/82nd2023/Stats202305.html#Stats202305page509"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "codis-notice",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/north-carolina#codis-notice",
   "date": "2023-10-01",
   "title": "Lab must tell the district attorney of every CODIS match",
   "type": "S.L. 2023-74 (H.B. 790), s. 3(a)",
   "summary": "New G.S. 15A-266.7(a)(3) says the State Crime Laboratory shall “Notify the office of the district attorney for all CODIS matches.” Who must give DNA did not change.",
   "forPractitioners": "Ask the prosecutor for the lab’s match notice in any case with a CODIS hit.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2023-74",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2023-2024/SL2023-74.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-345",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/california#sb-345",
   "date": "2023-09-27",
   "title": "License forfeited for arresting out-of-state fugitives over health care lawful in California",
   "type": "Senate Bill 345, Chapter 260, Statutes of 2023",
   "summary": "Adds Penal Code 1299.02(d). A person authorized to apprehend bail fugitives may not arrest someone admitted to bail in another state for violating that state’s law against sexual or reproductive health care, including abortion, contraception, or gender-affirming care, that is lawful in California. A violation is an infraction with a $5,000 fine, and the violator forfeits and is ineligible for any license under the Private Investigator Act.",
   "forLicensees": "Investigators who also do bail fugitive recovery can lose the PI license for this kind of arrest.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 345",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB345"
    },
    {
     "label": "Penal Code 1299.02",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=1299.02."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Alabama",
   "id": "act-2023-397",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/alabama#act-2023-397",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Licensing overhaul: agencies, apprentices, experience, two-year continuing education",
   "type": "Act 2023-397 (HB75)",
   "summary": "Adds at least 2 years of experience, education, or training, including 120 hours of field experience, to the license requirements, and lists the criminal history background check, already required of all applicants since 2013 (34-25B-3, -13), as a criterion (34-25B-12). Creates the apprentice license and sponsor certification (34-25B-12.1) and agency licensing, with agencies required to be licensed from January 1, 2024 (34-25B-50). Requires license numbers on advertising and business materials (34-25B-14(c)); spells out the penalty for unlicensed practice, already a Class A misdemeanor, as up to $6,000 and 1 year, extends it to apprentices, and adds an administrative fine of up to $1,000 a day (34-25B-10(a), 34-25B-18(d)); and changes continuing education from 8 hours each calendar year to 16 hours, including 2 of ethics, per two-year period (34-25B-26(a)).",
   "forLicensees": "Continuing education is now counted over the two-year license period, and agencies need their own license.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 2023-397",
     "url": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/files/pdf/SearchableInstruments/2023RS/HB75-enr.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Alabama",
   "id": "act-2023-481",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/alabama#act-2023-481",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Electronic stalking crimes for tracking devices",
   "type": "Act 2023-481 (HB153)",
   "summary": "Placing an electronic tracking device on another person’s property without the owner’s consent, or except as otherwise authorized by law, is electronic stalking in the second degree, a Class A misdemeanor (13A-6-96). Doing so with intent to surveil, stalk, or harass, or for any other unlawful purpose, is electronic stalking in the first degree, a Class C felony, or a Class B felony if it violates a court order (13A-6-95).",
   "forLicensees": "Neither offense has an investigator exception; the only carve-outs are the owner’s consent or other authorization by law.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 2023-481",
     "url": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/files/pdf/SearchableInstruments/2023RS/HB153-enr.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Massachusetts",
   "id": "555-cmr-8",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/massachusetts#555-cmr-8",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Public officer database rule, including disciplinary summaries",
   "type": "555 CMR 8.00, Databases and dissemination of information",
   "summary": "Section 8.06 says POST “shall establish, by a date adopted by a vote of the Commissioners,” a searchable public database of everyone who has served as an officer or been certified since July 1, 2021. It is to show name, certification status, employment history, commendations, decertifications, suspensions, retraining orders, and copies of s.10 decisions. It also shows a summary of the officer’s disciplinary record: complaints, their final outcome, and any discipline imposed. Complaints not resolved against the officer are generally withheld from the public, and decisions under challenge are flagged. The rule carries out c.6E s.4(j). Whether this Register date marks the first version of 555 CMR 8.00 or an amendment could not be checked from official sources on October 19, 2026.",
   "forOfficers": "Sustained complaints and the discipline imposed are slated to appear in a public database under your name.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "555 CMR 8.00",
     "url": "https://www.mass.gov/doc/555-cmr-8-databases-and-dissemination-of-information/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "hb-2715",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/texas#hb-2715",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Harassment law now covers tracking or following someone",
   "type": "House Bill 2715, 88th Legislature, Chapter 839",
   "summary": "Adds Penal Code 42.07(a)(9). It is harassment, with intent to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, or embarrass, to track or monitor another person’s personal property or vehicle without consent, using a tracking device or application or by following the person. Lack of consent is presumed when a protective order or application exists against the actor, or when the person is the actor’s spouse with a divorce petition filed, or a former spouse. Section 42.07 has no exception for licensed investigators. The separate tracking device law, Penal Code 16.06, and its defense for investigators did not change.",
   "forLicensees": "The offense requires intent to harass. Consent is presumed absent when a protective order or application is against the person doing the tracking, or when the person tracked is that person’s spouse with a divorce petition filed, or a former spouse.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 2715",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=88R&Bill=HB2715"
    },
    {
     "label": "Penal Code 42.07",
     "url": "https://tcss.legis.texas.gov/resources/PE/htm/PE.42.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "hb-3424",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/texas#hb-3424",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "In-person training and psychological testing for commissioned officers",
   "type": "House Bill 3424, 88th Legislature, Chapter 1015",
   "summary": "Requires personal protection officer training (1702.205(b)) and the commissioned security officer handgun proficiency and self-defense course (1702.1675(g)) to be taught in person, and requires commissioned security officer applicants, and current officers at their first renewal, to submit Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory results (1702.163(a)(5), (h)). The Act applies these changes to applications and courses from January 1, 2024.",
   "forLicensees": "Applies to investigators who also hold a security officer commission or personal protection officer license; investigator licensing alone is unchanged.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 3424",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=88R&Bill=HB3424"
    },
    {
     "label": "DPS summary of 2023 laws",
     "url": "https://www.dps.texas.gov/section/private-security/88th-legislation"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-1445-database",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#sb-1445-database",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Confidential licensing database and national revocation registry",
   "type": "SB 1445 (88th Leg.), ch. 1104",
   "summary": "The TCOLE sunset bill adds a confidential licensing status database holding license status, discipline, and agency personnel files (Occ. Code 1701.168), national databases that hiring agencies must check (1701.169), a duty to submit every revocation to a designated national revocation registry (1701.170), and TCOLE subpoena power (1701.166).",
   "forOfficers": "A Texas revocation is reported to a national registry that other states’ hiring agencies can check.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1445",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/SB01445F.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bill history",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=88R&Bill=SB1445"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-1445-sanctions",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#sb-1445-sanctions",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Out-of-state disqualification, agency sanctions, emergency suspension",
   "type": "SB 1445 (88th Leg.), ch. 1104",
   "summary": "A person whose officer license in another state is revoked or suspended, at the time of applying, for grounds that would apply in Texas is disqualified (Occ. Code 1701.3135). TCOLE may sanction agencies, not only licensees (1701.501(a-1)). TCOLE may issue an emergency suspension of up to 90 days without a hearing, with a hearing to follow (1701.5011). Agency minimum standards in 1701.163 are now set by rule.",
   "forOfficers": "A current revocation or suspension in another state can block a Texas license.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1445",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/SB01445F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-1445-public-database",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#sb-1445-public-database",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Public database of officer training records",
   "type": "SB 1445 (88th Leg.), ch. 1104",
   "summary": "New Occ. Code 1701.205 requires a public database showing each officer’s basic training date, continuing education compliance, total training hours, and license date. Users must register, and undercover officers can be excluded. It does not show discipline.",
   "forOfficers": "Your training compliance is publicly searchable; keep it current.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1445",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/SB01445F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-1852",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#sb-1852",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "16 hours of active-shooter training required",
   "type": "SB 1852 (88th Leg.), ch. 102",
   "summary": "New Occ. Code 1701.3525 requires every officer, as part of continuing education, to complete at least 16 hours of active-shooter response training developed by the ALERRT Center at Texas State University. The usual continuing education waivers and exemptions in 1701.351(b) to (d) do not apply.",
   "forOfficers": "Complete the 16 ALERRT hours; no waiver is available.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1852",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/SB01852F.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "Occ. Code 1701.3525",
     "url": "https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/OC/htm/OC.1701.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-252",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#sb-252",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Permanent-resident veterans may be licensed",
   "type": "SB 252 (88th Leg.), ch. 1049",
   "summary": "New Occ. Code 1701.3095 requires TCOLE to license an honorably discharged veteran with 2 or more years of service who is a legal permanent resident and has applied for citizenship. Proof of that status and the application can replace proof of citizenship (1701.451(a)(x)).",
   "forOfficers": "Permanent-resident veterans who have applied for citizenship can now be hired.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 252",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/SB00252F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-1124",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#sb-1124",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Sheriffs must hold a peace officer license",
   "type": "SB 1124 (88th Leg.), ch. 201",
   "summary": "A sheriff or candidate for sheriff must hold an active permanent peace officer license, or be eligible for one with qualifying federal investigator or military experience (Local Gov. Code 85.0011).",
   "forOfficers": "Keep your license active if you plan to run for sheriff.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1124",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/SB01124F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "hb-1661",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#hb-1661",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Civil service maximum hiring age for police removed",
   "type": "HB 1661 (88th Leg.), ch. 418",
   "summary": "Repeals Local Gov. Code 143.023(c), which the act’s caption describes as the maximum age for beginning police positions in civil service cities, and removes police from the related emergency temporary appointment rules. Applicants must still be at least 18 (143.023(a)).",
   "forOfficers": "Older career changers can now apply to civil service police departments.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 1661",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/HB01661F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "hb-30",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/texas#hb-30",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Public Information Act “dead suspect loophole” narrowed",
   "type": "HB 30 (88th Leg.), ch. 986",
   "summary": "The exception for records of investigations that did not end in conviction or deferred adjudication (Gov. Code 552.108(a)(2)) no longer applies when a person described in the records, other than a peace officer, is dead or incapacitated, or when everyone described consents. The text is codified as 552.108(c-1). It does not name the parallel exception for internal records in 552.108(b)(2).",
   "forOfficers": "Records of an in-custody or police-involved death can be released even without a conviction.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 30",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/HB00030F.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "Gov. Code 552.108",
     "url": "https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/GV/htm/GV.552.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "hb-3506",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/texas#hb-3506",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Elimination DNA kept out of CODIS and purged from lab databases",
   "type": "HB 3506 (88th Leg.), ch. 742",
   "summary": "Defines DNA quality assurance databases and elimination samples (art. 38.01 sec. 2) and requires Commission rules that keep lab quality assurance databases separate from CODIS, bar elimination profiles from any other database, bar outside access, and require removal within 3 months of analysis (sec. 4-e). Gov’t Code 411.1431 bars elimination samples from the state DNA database, and the act struck biological specimens of deceased crime victims from what the database may hold (411.142(g)). By December 1, 2023, the Commission had to require labs to remove elimination records held more than 3 months, and DPS had to remove elimination records from the state database.",
   "forPractitioners": "Purge elimination profiles from quality assurance databases within 3 months of analysis.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 3506",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/HB03506F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-991",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/texas#sb-991",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Commission may discipline crime labs; statewide lab records portal",
   "type": "SB 991 (88th Leg.), ch. 1149; HB 3474 (88th Leg.), ch. 861",
   "summary": "Art. 38.01 sec. 4-c now lets the Commission discipline crime labs, not only license holders, for negligence, misconduct, or violations of the code of professional responsibility, by revoking, suspending, or refusing to renew accreditation, or by reprimand. Negligence and code violations were new grounds. HB 3474 made the same change to sec. 4-c. SB 991 also created a DPS portal for requesting and transferring crime lab records (Gov’t Code 411.161 to 411.164); lab participation is mandatory and enforceable by the Commission, and defense access runs through the prosecutor.",
   "forPractitioners": "Negligence alone can now cost a lab its accreditation.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 991",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/SB00991F.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 3474",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/HB03474F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "hb-3956",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/texas#hb-3956",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "DNA taken at every felony arrest",
   "type": "HB 3956 (88th Leg.), ch. 543",
   "summary": "Strikes the list of 24 enumerated Penal Code felonies from Gov’t Code 411.1471(a)(1), so DNA is taken at booking for any felony arrest. Courts already had to notify DPS on acquittal or dismissal; now the court must also request expunction of the DNA record (411.151(a)(1)(B)) and notify the defendant or counsel. Before, the person had to send DPS a certified order. Expunction orders go to the DPS director.",
   "forPractitioners": "Expect far more arrestee profiles in CODIS, and check that expunctions follow acquittals and dismissals.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 3956",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/HB03956F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "hb-4628",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/texas#hb-4628",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Match follow-up deadlines in assault kits",
   "type": "HB 4628 (88th Leg.), ch. 884",
   "summary": "DPS already had to compare a sexual assault kit DNA profile with state databases and CODIS within 30 days after an accredited lab analyzes it and finishes quality review (Gov’t Code 420.043(a)); HB 4628 added a duty for the submitting lab to monitor its own database for resulting matches (420.043(a-1)). The submitting agency must answer lab requests about a match within 5 business days, and the agency must get written notice of case-to-case and verified offender matches within 60 business days after the lab is notified of the match (420.0431). Within 5 business days the agency must notify the survivor of the match or, if disclosure would interfere with the case, of the date it expects to disclose it (420.0432).",
   "forPractitioners": "Track the 30-day comparison and 60-business-day notice deadlines for each kit.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 4628",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/HB04628F.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "Gov’t Code chapter 420",
     "url": "https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/GV/htm/GV.420.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-338",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/texas#sb-338",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "Hypnotically induced statements inadmissible",
   "type": "SB 338 (88th Leg.), ch. 1028",
   "summary": "New art. 38.24 makes statements made during or after investigative hypnosis by a law enforcement agency, including identifications of the accused, inadmissible against the defendant at either phase of trial for the offense investigated. Physical evidence and testimony of a witness identified through the session that independently corroborates the offense remain admissible. It applies to proceedings that began on or after September 1, 2023.",
   "forPractitioners": "Do not rely on post-hypnosis recall from a witness in the case under investigation.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 338",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/SB00338F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-1518",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/texas#sb-1518",
   "date": "2023-09-01",
   "title": "DNA collected from registered terrorist offenders",
   "type": "SB 1518 (88th Leg.), ch. 935",
   "summary": "Creates a terrorist offender registry (Code of Criminal Procedure chapter 65) and extends DNA specimen collection under Gov’t Code 411.1473, which had covered only sex offender registrants, to people registered under chapter 65.",
   "forPractitioners": "Registry status under chapter 65 now triggers DNA collection.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 1518",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/SB01518F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Delaware",
   "id": "sb-80",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/delaware#sb-80",
   "date": "2023-08-31",
   "title": "Licenses may not be denied for immigration or citizenship status",
   "type": "SS 1 for SB 80, 84 Del. Laws c. 193",
   "summary": "Adds 29 Del. C. 610: a State agency or board that issues a license, permit, certification, or registration to engage in a profession, occupation, or business may not deny an application because of the applicant’s immigration or citizenship status. An applicant without a Social Security number may provide an alternative identifying number, such as an ITIN, or sign an exemption attestation.",
   "forLicensees": "The law applies to all State licensing agencies on its face, including the State Police Professional Licensing Section.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "84 Del. Laws c. 193",
     "url": "https://delcode.delaware.gov/sessionlaws/ga152/chp193.shtml"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "cjstc-2023-separation",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/florida#cjstc-2023-separation",
   "date": "2023-08-30",
   "title": "Line of duty death added to the Affidavit of Separation",
   "type": "Rule 11B-27.002 (amended)",
   "summary": "The revised Affidavit of Separation (CJSTC-61) adds “Line of Duty Death” as a separation reason, so agencies can distinguish officers killed in the line of duty.",
   "forOfficers": "No change to your obligations.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule 11B-27.002 history",
     "url": "https://www.flrules.org/gateway/ruleNo.asp?id=11B-27.002"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "sb186-2023-discipline",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/missouri#sb186-2023-discipline",
   "date": "2023-08-28",
   "title": "Wider grounds to discipline licenses: off-duty conduct, unexplained positive drug tests, revocation elsewhere, gross misconduct",
   "type": "2023 CCS HCS SB 186, amending RSMo 590.080",
   "summary": "New definitions cover “gross misconduct,” “moral turpitude” (fraud, theft, bribery, illegal drug use, sexual misconduct, and similar acts), and “reckless disregard.” Ground (1) no longer requires that incompetence or unsafety result “from a mental condition, including alcohol or substance abuse.” Ground (2) already covered any criminal offense, charged or not; it now adds “whether or not” the officer was convicted, pleaded, or was sentenced, under the laws of any state, the United States, or any country. Ground (3) no longer limits moral turpitude or reckless disregard to acts “while on active duty or under color of law.” New grounds: (7) a positive controlled-substance test without a valid prescription, except as law or the Missouri Constitution provide; (8) being subject to another state’s, the federal government’s, or any licensing authority’s order suspending or revoking a peace officer license or certification; and (9) gross misconduct showing inability to function as an officer.",
   "forOfficers": "Off-duty conduct and a revocation in another state can now put your Missouri license at risk.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 186 (2023), truly agreed",
     "url": "https://www.senate.mo.gov/23info/pdf-bill/tat/SB186.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "RSMo 590.080",
     "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=590.080"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "sb186-2023-training",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/missouri#sb186-2023-training",
   "date": "2023-08-28",
   "title": "Basic training floor raised to 600 hours",
   "type": "2023 CCS HCS SB 186, amending RSMo 590.040.1",
   "summary": "The POST Commission “shall” set basic training hours for licensure “no lower than six hundred.” The former range, no lower than 470 and no higher than 600, is deleted. The exceptions are unchanged.",
   "forOfficers": "New recruits need at least 600 hours of basic training.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 186 (2023), truly agreed",
     "url": "https://www.senate.mo.gov/23info/pdf-bill/tat/SB186.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "RSMo 590.040",
     "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=590.040"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "id": "rule-509-4-07",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/georgia#rule-509-4-07",
   "date": "2023-08-21",
   "title": "“Similar names” rule repealed",
   "type": "Final rule, repeal of 509-4-.07",
   "summary": "The repealed rule barred issuing a company license in a name already issued. Rule 509-4-.03 still bars names that suggest a public law enforcement or government agency, or that contain “police,” “enforcement,” or “federal.”",
   "forLicensees": "Company name limits in Rule 509-4-.03 still apply.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule 509-4-.07",
     "url": "https://rules.sos.ga.gov/gac/509-4-.07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "hb23-1143",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#hb23-1143",
   "date": "2023-08-07",
   "title": "DACA recipients and asylum applicants may seek certification",
   "type": "HB23-1143, Ch. 121, Session Laws 2023",
   "summary": "P.O.S.T. “may” adopt rules for “eligible immigrants” seeking certification: people with DACA status or a pending asylum application (new C.R.S. 24-31-320). An agency “may” change its firearms policy to let them carry, consistent with federal law, and they “may” enroll in an academy if their agency allows it.",
   "forOfficers": "Colorado has no statutory citizenship requirement for certification.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB23-1143",
     "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/laws/session-laws/HB23-1143/121/download"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "comar-12-04-01-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/maryland#comar-12-04-01-2023",
   "date": "2023-08-07",
   "title": "Academy minimum raised from 750 to 850 hours",
   "type": "COMAR 12.04.01.09 and .14 (proposed at 50:10 Md. R. 409; adopted as proposed, 50:15 Md. R. 682)",
   "summary": "A Commission-approved entrance-level training program is now a minimum of 850 hours, up from 750. Before, hours used for firearms training and qualification could not count toward the minimum; now the Commission “may” count them. Field training still may not count. For an out-of-state or federal officer seeking a waiver of part of the academy, the Commission may now consider in-service training topics (each repeated annual topic once) and relevant specialized training toward the academy hours. The exclusion of firearms training for these lateral officers was removed.",
   "forOfficers": "If you transfer from another state or a federal agency, your in-service and specialized training may now count toward Maryland’s academy hours.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Maryland Register 50:10 (archived)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231211122450/https://dsd.maryland.gov/MDRIssues/5010/Assembled.aspx"
    },
    {
     "label": "Maryland Register 50:15 (archived)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231210200310/https://dsd.maryland.gov/MDRIssues/5015/Assembled.aspx"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "c52-2023-retaliation",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/minnesota#c52-2023-retaliation",
   "date": "2023-08-01",
   "title": "No retaliation against officers who intercede in or report excessive force",
   "type": "Laws 2023, ch. 52, art. 10, secs. 14 and 15, new Minn. Stat. 626.8452, subds. 1b and 1c",
   "summary": "An agency “shall not” discharge, discipline, threaten, retaliate against, or otherwise penalize an officer for interceding or reporting under 626.8475 or the agency’s excessive-force policy. A court may order back pay and reinstatement, and the officer may sue for damages, costs, reasonable attorney fees, and injunctive relief. Fellow officers and agency employees also “may not” threaten, harass, or retaliate; they are subject to discipline, and the targeted officer may sue.",
   "forOfficers": "If you are punished for stopping or reporting excessive force, you can sue.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, ch. 52",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/52/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 626.8452",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.8452"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "bca-advisory",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/minnesota#bca-advisory",
   "date": "2023-08-01",
   "title": "BCA advisory group to review audits, accreditation, and forensic technology",
   "type": "Laws 2023, ch. 52, art. 5, ss. 34 and 35 (S.F. 2909)",
   "summary": "New 299C.65 subd. 1a(d) gives the Criminal and Juvenile Justice Information and BCA Advisory Group the duty to review and advise the superintendent on audits, accreditation reports, and internal reviews of the bureau; on “emerging technologies in the law enforcement and forensic science fields”; and on privacy policies. Its biennial report must cover these reviews.",
   "forPractitioners": "The group’s reports may describe BCA lab audits and accreditation findings.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, ch. 52",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/52/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 299C.65",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/299C.65"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "kit-target",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/minnesota#kit-target",
   "date": "2023-08-01",
   "title": "90-day testing target for sexual assault kits",
   "type": "Laws 2023, ch. 52, art. 5, s. 31 (S.F. 2909)",
   "summary": "New 299C.106 subd. 3(c) and (d). From July 1, 2024, the receiving lab “must strive” to test kits within 90 days, give them priority with other violent crimes, update the tracking database, and tell the submitting agency about any kit not tested in 90 days, with an estimated completion time. The same act appropriated $4,500,000 in fiscal 2024 and $3,500,000 in fiscal 2025 to the BCA to cut turnaround times for forensic processing of evidence.",
   "forPractitioners": "The target is not a hard deadline, but late kits must generate a notice to the agency.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, ch. 52",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/52/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 299C.106",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/299C.106"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "mistaken-identity",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/minnesota#mistaken-identity",
   "date": "2023-08-01",
   "title": "Fingerprints and photos destroyed after mistaken-identity arrests",
   "type": "Laws 2023, ch. 52 (S.F. 2909), amending Minn. Stat. 299C.11 subd. 1",
   "summary": "The BCA or the arresting agency must destroy a person’s fingerprints, photographs, and other identification data, with all copies, without a petition, when the agency finds the arrest came from mistaken identity before charging, or when the prosecutor declines charges or a grand jury does not indict on that basis. The prosecutor must notify the BCA and the arresting agency. The subdivision covers identification data other than DNA.",
   "forPractitioners": "Confirm destruction for a client arrested by mistaken identity.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, ch. 52",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/52/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "carjacking-dna",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/minnesota#carjacking-dna",
   "date": "2023-08-01",
   "title": "Carjacking added to the DNA collection list",
   "type": "Laws 2023, ch. 52, art. 20, s. 13 (S.F. 2909)",
   "summary": "Adds carjacking under section 609.247 to the adult and juvenile offense lists in 299C.105 subd. 1.",
   "forPractitioners": "A conforming change after carjacking became its own crime.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, ch. 52",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/52/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Wisconsin",
   "id": "cr-21-056",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/wisconsin#cr-21-056",
   "date": "2023-08-01",
   "title": "Reciprocal licenses for service members and spouses",
   "type": "Final rule",
   "summary": "Creates SPS 31.037. A reciprocal private detective or private security person license must be granted to a service member, former service member, or the spouse of either who meets the requirements of Wis. Stat. 440.09 (2).",
   "forLicensees": "Military applicants and spouses can apply through reciprocity.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SPS 31",
     "url": "https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/code/admin_code/sps/professional_services/030/31.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-103-0309",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/illinois#pa-103-0309",
   "date": "2023-07-28",
   "title": "Act extended to 2029; email address of record required",
   "type": "Public Act 103-0309",
   "summary": "Moved the Act’s repeal date from January 1, 2024 to January 1, 2029. Added a required email address of record, removed the pre-2005 canine odor detection grandfather provisions, and updated provisions on applications, hearings, subpoenas, and the board.",
   "forLicensees": "Keep a valid mailing address and email address on file with IDFPR and report changes within 14 days. The Act needs another extension before January 1, 2029.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Act text",
     "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/publicacts/103/103-0309.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 2395 status",
     "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/ftp/legislation/103/BillStatus/HTML/10300HB2395.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "hb-1696",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/washington#hb-1696",
   "date": "2023-07-23",
   "title": "Tracking-device use charged as stalking; investigator defense applies",
   "type": "HB 1696, 2023 c 461",
   "summary": "Adds a tracking-device means to the stalking statute, RCW 9A.46.110(1)(a)(iv): knowingly and without consent installing or monitoring an electronic tracking device, or causing one to be installed, placed, or used, to track another person’s location, where learning of it would reasonably cause substantial emotional distress or fear. It repealed the 2022 cyberstalking crime (former RCW 9A.90.130), which had no investigator exception. The existing defense in RCW 9A.46.110(3) for a licensed private investigator acting within the capacity of the license was not changed.",
   "forLicensees": "Covert tracking is now charged under the stalking statute, whose defense covers licensed investigators acting within the capacity of their license.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2023 c 461",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2023-24/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/1696.SL.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "RCW 9A.46.110",
     "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9A.46.110"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "mhmda",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/washington#mhmda",
   "date": "2023-07-23",
   "title": "My Health My Data Act: geofence and health data sale bans",
   "type": "ESHB 1155, 2023 c 191 (chapter 19.373 RCW)",
   "summary": "Makes it unlawful for any person to set a geofence of 2,000 feet or less around an in-person health care provider to identify or track people seeking care, collect their health data, or send them related messages (RCW 19.373.080). From March 31, 2024, it is unlawful for any person to sell consumer health data without a signed authorization (19.373.070). The chapter has no investigator exemption.",
   "forLicensees": "The geofence and sale bans apply to any person, including investigators.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 19.373 RCW",
     "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=19.373&full=true"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "eshb-1335",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/washington#eshb-1335",
   "date": "2023-07-23",
   "title": "Civil action for doxing",
   "type": "ESHB 1335, 2023 c 381 (RCW 4.24.792)",
   "summary": "Creates a civil action for publishing a person’s identifying information without consent, with intent or knowledge that it will be used to harm them or with reckless disregard of that risk, when the publication causes listed harms. Exceptions include providing information to a government agency or company for a legitimate and lawful purpose through a private channel, in good faith. It is not a defense that the information was already public. There is no investigator exception.",
   "forLicensees": "Delivering information privately to a client that is a business, agency, or other legal entity can fall within an exception when its conditions are met; publishing it does not.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "RCW 4.24.792",
     "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=4.24.792"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "hb-1301",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/washington#hb-1301",
   "date": "2023-07-23",
   "title": "Periodic review of professional licenses",
   "type": "HB 1301, 2023 c 412 (chapter 18.410 RCW)",
   "summary": "Requires the Department of Licensing to review about 10 percent of the professional licenses it regulates each year, covering all of them within 10 years, and recommend whether to terminate, continue, or modify each. Private investigator licenses fall within the cycle; no review of them was found as of October 2026.",
   "forLicensees": "The Department must notify licensees before a review of their license begins (RCW 18.410.020(2)).",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 18.410 RCW",
     "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=18.410&full=true"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "shb-1132",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#shb-1132",
   "date": "2023-07-23",
   "title": "Limited authority officers brought into certification",
   "type": "SHB 1132, Laws of 2023, ch. 168",
   "summary": "Limited authority Washington peace officers with arrest powers who carry firearms are now covered; Department of Corrections staff are excluded. Applicants after July 1, 2023 must pass the 43.101.095 background investigation. CJTC “shall certify” limited authority officers employed on or before July 1, 2023, and may revoke afterward. Those hired on or after July 1, 2023 must start basic training within 12 months; earlier hires get a supplemental-training review instead.",
   "forOfficers": "Limited authority officers can now be decertified.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws of 2023, ch. 168",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2023-24/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/1132-S.SL.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "hb-1179",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#hb-1179",
   "date": "2023-07-23",
   "title": "State Auditor gets nonconviction data for deadly-force audits",
   "type": "HB 1179, Laws of 2023, ch. 26",
   "summary": "The State Auditor may receive nonconviction criminal history data “solely for the express purpose of conducting a process compliance audit procedure and review of any deadly force investigation” (RCW 10.97.050(7); 43.101.460(2)).",
   "forOfficers": "No change to your obligations.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws of 2023, ch. 26",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2023-24/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/1179.SL.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "jail-dna",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/washington#jail-dna",
   "date": "2023-07-23",
   "title": "Jails must collect owed DNA before release",
   "type": "2023 c 197 s 7 (2SHB 1028)",
   "summary": "City and county jails must get owed DNA samples before release and adopt a policy to collect them as soon as practicable (RCW 43.43.754(5)(a)). If a person is released without giving one, the jail tells the court within 3 business days, and the court sets a compliance hearing within 10 days where the jail attends and collects the sample. The court may charge the jail fees and costs. State prisons and juvenile facilities have similar duties, and a 10-day compliance hearing applies at sentencing. The act removed the old order to report to the local police or sheriff to give a sample.",
   "forPractitioners": "A client released without giving a sample can expect a compliance hearing.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2023 c 197",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2023-24/Htm/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/1028-S2.SL.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "RCW 43.43.754",
     "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=43.43.754"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "otc-kits",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/washington#otc-kits",
   "date": "2023-07-23",
   "title": "At-home sexual assault kits banned",
   "type": "2023 c 296 (HB 1564)",
   "summary": "New RCW 5.70.070 bars selling or offering a sexual assault kit marketed as over-the-counter, at-home, or self-collected, or in any way suggesting it can collect evidence other than by law enforcement or a health care provider. A violation is an unfair or deceptive act under the Consumer Protection Act.",
   "forPractitioners": "The ban reaches sellers, not survivors, and the section says nothing about whether evidence from such a kit is admissible.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2023 c 296",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2023-24/Htm/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/1564.SL.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "Chapter 5.70 RCW",
     "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=5.70&full=true"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "pl-2023-c113",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-jersey#pl-2023-c113",
   "date": "2023-07-20",
   "title": "Daniel’s Law amended: mandatory $1,000 minimum damages, assignee suits, and searchable databases",
   "type": "P.L.2023, c.113 (S3125)",
   "summary": "Section 6 amends N.J.S.A. 56:8-166.1, under which a person or business must stop disclosing a covered person’s home address or unpublished home telephone number within 10 business days of written notice. The covered person or an assignee may sue; the court shall award actual damages of at least $1,000 per violation; “disclose” includes making the information available in a searchable list or database; and “home telephone number” includes personal cell phones. It also changes “may award” to “shall award” and drops the requirement that a covered person first obtain approval from the Office of Information Privacy before sending a notice. The act also adds child protective investigators to the people covered.",
   "forLicensees": "An investigator or agency that keeps a covered person’s home address or personal phone number available, including in a searchable database, more than 10 business days after a valid notice can be sued for at least $1,000 per violation.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L.2023, c.113",
     "url": "https://pub.njleg.gov/Bills/2022/PL23/113_.HTM"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "online-training-rules",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/florida#online-training-rules",
   "date": "2023-07-19",
   "title": "Live online classroom training allowed",
   "type": "Final rules, r. 5N-1.132, 5N-1.140, and 5N-1.142",
   "summary": "Carries out the 2022 online training law (ch. 2022-79). The classroom part of the 28-hour Class G course may be taught in person or by live online instruction on a secure website, with the instructor verifying identity, attendance, and completion. The 8 hours of range training must be in person.",
   "forLicensees": "The classroom part of firearms training can be taken live online; range time cannot.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule 5N-1.132",
     "url": "https://www.flrules.org/gateway/ruleNo.asp?id=5N-1.132"
    },
    {
     "label": "Notice of proposed rule",
     "url": "https://www.flrules.org/Gateway/View_notice.asp?id=27092505"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Mexico",
   "id": "rule-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-mexico#rule-2023",
   "date": "2023-07-18",
   "title": "Rules implement the 2023 overhaul",
   "type": "16.48 NMAC amendments, N.M. Register Vol. XXXIV, Issue 13",
   "summary": "Replaces the $10,000 surety bond with a $1,000,000 general liability certificate for companies (16.48.2.8), sets the psychological evaluation for firearm certification (16.48.2.21), and resets fees, including the investigator employee registration from $75 to $100 (16.48.5.8).",
   "forLicensees": "Current insurance and fee requirements come from this filing.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "N.M. Register",
     "url": "https://www.srca.nm.gov/nmac/nmregister/pdf/xxxiv13.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Oregon",
   "id": "sb-5542",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/oregon#sb-5542",
   "date": "2023-07-18",
   "title": "Legislature approves late and replacement fees",
   "type": "SB 5542, Oregon Laws 2023 chapter 388",
   "summary": "Approves a $30 late renewal fee and a $24 replacement license fee adopted by DPSST.",
   "forLicensees": "The late fee was raised in 2025 ($35) and 2026 ($40); the replacement fee stayed $24 until 2026, when it rose to $27.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2023 c.388",
     "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2023orLaw0388.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "ab-134-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#ab-134-2023",
   "date": "2023-07-10",
   "title": "POST-held officer files exempt from the Public Records Act",
   "type": "AB 134 (2023), ch. 47; AB 184 (2026), ch. 255",
   "summary": "Adds POST to the bodies to which PC 832.7(a) confidentiality does not apply. New Gov. Code 7923.601 exempts from the Public Records Act the personnel and background files that agencies gathered under Gov. Code 1031 and POST holds, and related misconduct investigation files; requests go to the agency that sent the record. The exemption does not cover records POST itself creates in its investigations or decisions, or records under PC 13510.85, which stay public. AB 184 moved the repeal date from January 1, 2027 to January 1, 2028.",
   "forOfficers": "Records requests for your agency file go to your agency, but POST’s own decisions about you remain public.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "AB 134",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB134"
    },
    {
     "label": "Gov. Code 7923.601",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&sectionNum=7923.601"
    },
    {
     "label": "AB 184",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB184"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "commission-procedure",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/north-carolina#commission-procedure",
   "date": "2023-07-07",
   "title": "Innocence commission procedures rewritten",
   "type": "S.L. 2023-74 (H.B. 790), s. 1(a)",
   "summary": "The prehearing conference moved from at least 10 to at least 30 days before Commission proceedings. The district attorney and the claimant’s counsel get the entire case file at least 60 days before the hearing, with a continuing duty to disclose new evidence. The district attorney’s written statement is due 10 days before the hearing instead of 72 hours. A special prosecutor is appointed by the Director of the Administrative Office of the Courts, and only on credible evidence of misconduct by the sitting district attorney. The three-judge panel hearing now follows the North Carolina Rules of Evidence, with mutual discovery 10 days before and exclusion of undisclosed evidence absent good cause. Annual reports must show private donations. The Commission has since been renamed the Postconviction Review Commission.",
   "forPractitioners": "Forensic evidence offered at the three-judge panel must now meet the Rules of Evidence and be disclosed 10 days ahead.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2023-74",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2023-2024/SL2023-74.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "pl2023-c94",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/new-jersey#pl2023-c94",
   "date": "2023-07-03",
   "title": "AG may appoint an untrained officer in charge when superseding a police agency",
   "type": "P.L.2023, c.94",
   "summary": "The act applies only to a first-class city under 200,000 people. On superseding its police agency, the AG “may” appoint as officer in charge a former superior officer with at least 10 years of supervisory experience who has not met PTC training requirements. Tailored training must be finished within 1 year, and the appointee is then “deemed eligible to be licensed.” The act ends when the supersession ends; whether the supersession continues could not be checked from official sources on October 19, 2026.",
   "forOfficers": "This narrow exception applies only to a single superseded agency.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.L.2023, c.94",
     "url": "https://pub.njleg.gov/bills/2022/PL23/94_.HTM"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "ab-2043",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/california#ab-2043",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Bail fugitive recovery limited to licensed recovery agents",
   "type": "Assembly Bill 2043, Chapter 768, Statutes of 2022",
   "summary": "Repeals and re-adds Penal Code 1299.02. Apart from certified law enforcement officers, only a licensed bail fugitive recovery agent, including a bail licensee or a California-licensed private investigator who also holds that license, may apprehend, detain, or arrest a bail fugitive. Holders of another state’s PI, bail, or bail enforcement license may not do so in California unless they obtain a California bail fugitive recovery agent license. That license, created by Insurance Code 1802.3 and issued by the Department of Insurance, requires a $1,000 surety bond and $1,000,000 in liability insurance (Insurance Code 1802), and a 40-hour power of arrest course before the licensing exam (Insurance Code 1810.7).",
   "forLicensees": "A PI license alone does not authorize bail fugitive recovery; that takes a bail fugitive recovery agent license from the Department of Insurance.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "AB 2043",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billHistoryClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB2043"
    },
    {
     "label": "Penal Code 1299.02",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=1299.02."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "ch-2023-155",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/florida#ch-2023-155",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Renewal late fee moved from statute to rule",
   "type": "CS/HB 1307, Chapter 2023-155, Laws of Florida",
   "summary": "Before this law, s. 493.6113(4) required a late renewal to pay a late fee equal to the license fee. Now a late renewal may be required to pay a late fee set by division rule, up to the license fee. The law also added a Class G training waiver for licensees who show annual firearms training under the federal Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act (s. 493.6113(3)(b)4.), new options for firearms instructor (Class K) applicants and renewals, and let FDACS publish industry information online (s. 493.6123(3)).",
   "forLicensees": "See the October 30, 2024 rule above for the fee amount.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 2023-155",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/2023/155"
    },
    {
     "label": "Section 493.6113 (2022)",
     "url": "https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2022/493.6113"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "hb-95",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/florida#hb-95",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Brady list procedures for officers",
   "type": "CS/HB 95 (2023), ch. 2023-230",
   "summary": "Defines a “Brady identification system” (F.S. 112.531). An officer may not be disciplined solely for being on a prosecutor’s list, though the underlying conduct can still be acted on (112.532(7)). New 112.536 requires agencies to send prosecutors sustained, final internal affairs findings relevant to impeachment and to tell the officer. A prosecutor who keeps a list must give notice and a way to ask for reconsideration, with mandamus as a procedural remedy; prosecutors need not keep a list. The notice and reconsideration duties do not apply when the entry rests on a criminal conviction usable for impeachment or a sustained, final internal affairs complaint, and notice may be skipped if a pending case needs immediate disclosure or notice would jeopardize an investigation. The law covers correctional officers too.",
   "forOfficers": "If a prosecutor lists you for a reason other than a conviction or a sustained internal affairs finding, you are entitled to notice and a reconsideration process.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 2023-230",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/2023/230"
    },
    {
     "label": "F.S. 112.536",
     "url": "https://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0100-0199/0112/Sections/0112.536.html&StatuteYear=2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "hb-425",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/florida#hb-425",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Railroad special officers brought under chapter 943",
   "type": "CS/HB 425 (2023), ch. 2023-197",
   "summary": "F.S. 943.10 now counts special officers employed by Class I to III railroads under s. 354.01 as law enforcement officers, and the railroads as employing agencies, bringing them within CJSTC qualification and certification.",
   "forOfficers": "Railroad special officers in Florida must meet CJSTC standards.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Chapter 2023-197",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/2023/197"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "detainer-dna",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/florida#detainer-dna",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "DNA taken from people held on immigration detainers",
   "type": "Ch. 2023-40, s. 18 (CS/CS/SB 1718)",
   "summary": "People in law enforcement custody who are subject to a federal immigration detainer are now qualifying offenders (s. 943.325(2)(g)2.d.). The sample is taken when the detainer is received, and the custodial agency must take it immediately and send it to FDLE in a timely manner.",
   "forPractitioners": "A database profile may come from detainer status, not an arrest or conviction.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Ch. 2023-40",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/files/Ch_2023-040.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "s. 943.325",
     "url": "https://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0900-0999/0943/Sections/0943.325.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "rapid-dna",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/florida#rapid-dna",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Rapid DNA grant program",
   "type": "Ch. 2023-234 (CS/HB 1105)",
   "summary": "New s. 943.324 directs FDLE to award any funds appropriated for the program each year to county jails or sheriffs’ offices to buy DNA testing machines and supplies for database samples under s. 943.325.",
   "forPractitioners": "The statute sets no operating or accreditation standards for these machines.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Ch. 2023-234",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/files/Ch_2023-234.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Florida",
   "id": "igg-records",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/florida#igg-records",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Genetic genealogy records closed to the public",
   "type": "Ch. 2023-235 (CS/HB 1327)",
   "summary": "New s. 119.071(2)(r) defines investigative genetic genealogy and makes its information and materials confidential and exempt from public records law. That includes SNP and whole-genome profiles and the identities of relatives found. It does not cover the donor of the perpetrator sample or witnesses. Agencies may share the records with other agencies and must disclose them under a court order for prosecution. The exemption reaches records held before July 1, 2023.",
   "forPractitioners": "The public records law closes genealogy records, and the statute requires disclosure under a court order for a prosecution. Defense counsel should seek that order or use criminal discovery.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Ch. 2023-235",
     "url": "https://laws.flrules.org/files/Ch_2023-235.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "s. 119.071",
     "url": "https://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0100-0199/0119/Sections/0119.071.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Georgia",
   "id": "hb-155",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/georgia#hb-155",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "License by endorsement for licensees from other states",
   "type": "House Bill 155, Act 51 (2023)",
   "summary": "Adds O.C.G.A. 43-1-35(c): a professional licensing board or other board shall issue a license by endorsement to an applicant who has moved to Georgia and established residency, holds a current license in good standing from a state with substantially similar training, experience, and testing, and passes any required Georgia laws and rules exam. SB 195 removed the residency condition in 2024. Firefighters, health care providers, and law enforcement officers are excluded. The section reaches every Title 43 board, including this one (O.C.G.A. 43-1-34 defines “other board”).",
   "forLicensees": "The Board’s FAQ (archived April 2026) says it does not reciprocate with any other state for licensure and that every company applicant must pass the exam, with no exceptions for licenses held in other states. It does have limited license recognition agreements with eight states that let an investigator licensed there finish a home-state case in Georgia for up to 30 days per case per year.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 155",
     "url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/63822"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Idaho",
   "id": "s-1059",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/idaho#s-1059",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Public agencies withhold judges’ home addresses on request",
   "type": "S 1059 (2023), ch. 179 (now Idaho Code 19-6201 to 19-6203)",
   "summary": "A public agency may not disclose an enrolled judicial officer’s residential address and phone number, except under court order or other listed exceptions; S 1277 (2024) extended the shield to the property’s legal description. The law binds agencies, not private data sources.",
   "forLicensees": "County deed and agency searches may not reveal enrolled judges’ homes.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S 1059",
     "url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/sessioninfo/2023/legislation/S1059/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Kansas",
   "id": "sb-217",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/kansas#sb-217",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Electronic tracking becomes part of stalking",
   "type": "SB 217 (2023), L. 2023, ch. 78",
   "summary": "Adds to the stalking definition of course of conduct “utilizing any electronic tracking system or acquiring tracking information to determine the targeted person’s location, movement or travel patterns” (K.S.A. 21-5427(f)(1)(G)), and allows protective orders that bar it.",
   "forLicensees": "Kansas has no investigator-specific exception (only conduct necessary for a legitimate purpose independent of making contact with the person is excluded); covert tracking can count toward stalking.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 217",
     "url": "https://www.kslegislature.gov/b2023_24/bills/download/?apn=b2023_24/year2/ready_for_publication/sb_217/sb217_enrolled.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "ocme",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/maryland#ocme",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Office of the Chief Medical Examiner set up in the Department of Health",
   "type": "2023 Md. Laws ch. 268 (HB 977), Health-Gen. 5-301 to 5-312",
   "summary": "The act creates the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner in the Maryland Department of Health. The Office must, “as allowed by staffing,” advance forensic science through medical education and research. The State Postmortem Examiners Commission becomes the Postmortem Examiners Advisory Committee, which advises the Secretary and the Office, and the Commission’s powers move to the Department and the Office. The Department and the Committee may not interfere with the Office’s clinical findings or conclusions on autopsies. Assistant medical examiners must now obtain board certification within their American Board of Pathology eligibility period, not within 3 years of appointment.",
   "forPractitioners": "Autopsy findings are protected by statute from interference by the Department and the Committee.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2023 Md. Laws ch. 268",
     "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2023RS/Chapters_noln/CH_268_hb0977t.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "c52-2023-hate-groups",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/minnesota#c52-2023-hate-groups",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Hate and extremist group ban becomes a licensing ground; Board told to adopt rules for non-criminal misconduct",
   "type": "Laws 2023, ch. 52, art. 10, secs. 10 to 12: new Minn. Stat. 626.843, subd. 1c and 626.8436; 626.8432, subd. 1 amended",
   "summary": "New 626.8436: a peace officer “may not” join, support, advocate for, keep membership in, or participate in a hate or extremist group or a criminal gang. The ban does not cover conduct the agency sanctions as part of official duties. The section defines the groups and lists conduct that shows participation, such as spreading material, promotion on social media, insignia or tattoos, contributions, and attending events. A violation is now a ground on which the Board “may” deny, suspend, or revoke a license (626.8432, subd. 1). New 626.843, subd. 1c: by January 1, 2024, the Board “must” adopt rules letting it discipline a licensee for violating a ch. 6700 conduct standard whether or not criminal charges have been filed.",
   "forOfficers": "Taking part in a hate or extremist group can cost you your license, with or without a criminal case.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, ch. 52",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/52/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 626.8436",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.8436"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "c52-2023-board-files",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/minnesota#c52-2023-board-files",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Agencies must hand misconduct files to the Board and report officers who leave during an investigation",
   "type": "Laws 2023, ch. 52, art. 10, secs. 16 and 17, new Minn. Stat. 626.8457, subds. 4 and 5",
   "summary": "On written notice of a Board investigation, the chief law enforcement officer, city, county, or public official “must” cooperate. On written request, they “shall” provide all requested public and private data on the alleged misconduct, including discipline, arbitration, settlements, and investigative files with body camera video. Confidential data must be disclosed only when the Board says it is necessary. If a licensee is discharged or resigns after conduct that starts an investigation, the chief “must” report it to the Board and provide the data, whether or not the officer was charged or the internal investigation was finished. Exceptions cover an active criminal investigation or case on the same incident, and an active internal investigation for up to 45 days from the Board’s request. Reporters are immune from civil and criminal liability unless they gave false information intending to harm reputation.",
   "forOfficers": "Resigning during an investigation does not keep the file from the Board.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, ch. 52",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/52/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 626.8457",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.8457"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "c52-2023-body-cameras",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/minnesota#c52-2023-body-cameras",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Body camera video of deaths from force: family viewing within 5 days, public release within 14 days",
   "type": "Laws 2023, ch. 52, art. 10, secs. 1, 2, and 19, amending Minn. Stat. 13.825, subds. 2 and 3, and 626.8473, subd. 3",
   "summary": "When a person dies from an officer’s use of force, the agency “must” let the next of kin, their legal representative, and the other parent of the deceased’s child inspect all body camera data within five days of a request. The agency “may” deny if it finds a compelling reason that inspection would interfere with an active investigation, with a prompt written reason. The agency “shall” release the data publicly within 14 days of the incident unless the chief asserts in writing that release would interfere with an ongoing investigation. Data documenting deadly force “must” be kept indefinitely. Agency camera policies must now require wearing the camera at or above the midline of the waist, using it when working under another agency’s or federal command, and not altering or destroying recordings before the retention period ends.",
   "forOfficers": "Wear your camera at or above the waist and keep it on when working under another agency’s command.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, ch. 52",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/52/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 13.825",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/13.825"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 626.8473",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.8473"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "c52-2023-fingerprints",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/minnesota#c52-2023-fingerprints",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Statute now sets the BCA and FBI fingerprint check for officer applicants",
   "type": "Laws 2023, ch. 52, art. 10, secs. 21 to 24: new Minn. Stat. 626.87, subd. 1a; subds. 2, 3, and 5 amended",
   "summary": "The POST rule already required applicants to be fingerprinted, with cards forwarded to the BCA and the FBI (Minn. R. 6700.0700). The act puts the check in statute: the hiring agency “must” request a BCA criminal history check, including an FBI national fingerprint search, on each applicant for a licensed peace officer position or a position leading to one. The BCA returns the results to the agency, which may share them with the Board to decide licensing eligibility. Employers must also disclose employment information when a person is a candidate at a law enforcement agency “in any other capacity.” Requests may be signed by an “authorized representative” instead of a sworn officer.",
   "forOfficers": "Your fingerprint results may be shared with the POST Board when it decides your licensing eligibility.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, ch. 52",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/52/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 626.87",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.87"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "c52-2023-oversight",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/minnesota#c52-2023-oversight",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Local civilian oversight councils may investigate, subpoena, find misconduct, and recommend discipline",
   "type": "Laws 2023, ch. 52, art. 10, sec. 25, amending Minn. Stat. 626.89, subd. 17",
   "summary": "Before 2023, a civilian review body “shall not” make findings of fact or impose discipline, and its recommendations were advisory only. Now a local government “may” create a civilian oversight council that can make findings on a complaint and recommend discipline. Once any criminal investigation or prosecution ends, the council may investigate, hire an investigator, and, subject to other law, subpoena testimony and documents. Reports finding misconduct “must” go to the chief and to the Board’s complaint committee. The chief “shall” cooperate but need not agree, and “shall” explain any decision not to carry out a recommendation within the chief’s authority.",
   "forOfficers": "A local council’s misconduct finding now goes to the POST Board as well as your chief.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, ch. 52",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/52/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 626.89",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626.89"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Nevada",
   "id": "ab-356",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/nevada#ab-356",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Crime of placing a tracking device on another person’s vehicle",
   "type": "AB 356, Statutes of Nevada 2023, chapter 190",
   "summary": "NRS 200.930 makes it a crime to knowingly install, conceal, or place a mobile tracking device in or on another person’s motor vehicle without the knowledge and consent of an owner or lessor. The only exception is for a law enforcement agency acting under the U.S. and Nevada Constitutions and state law. A first offense is a misdemeanor, a second a gross misdemeanor, and a third or later a category C felony.",
   "forLicensees": "The law has no exception for licensed investigators.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2023 ch. 190",
     "url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Statutes/82nd2023/Stats202310.html#Stats202310page1109"
    },
    {
     "label": "NRS 200.930",
     "url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-200.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Mexico",
   "id": "hb-384",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-mexico#hb-384",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Private Investigations Act overhauled",
   "type": "HB 384 (2023), Laws 2023, ch. 190",
   "summary": "Limits skip tracing to law enforcement employees, private investigators, and New Mexico attorneys and their supervised employees (61-27B-4(D)), and requires anyone offering traffic crash reconstruction, other than certified officers and New Mexico professional engineers, to be a licensed investigator with an approved course (61-27B-4(C)). Removes the good moral character requirement for investigators, companies, and employees (61-27B-7, -8, -14), replaces the company surety bond with liability insurance (61-27B-8, -24), adds a psychological evaluation before carrying a firearm (61-27B-31), and changes renewal from annual to at least every 2 years (61-27B-21).",
   "forLicensees": "Skip tracing and crash reconstruction services require a license unless an exception applies.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 384",
     "url": "https://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/23%20Regular/final/HB0384.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Tennessee",
   "id": "pc-349",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/tennessee#pc-349",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "One tracking device placement can count toward stalking",
   "type": "2023 Public Chapter 349 (SB 1223)",
   "summary": "Rewrites the “course of conduct” definition in Tenn. Code Ann. 39-17-315(a)(1) to include one instance of placing an electronic tracking device on a person, or in or on the person’s property, without consent. The only exclusion is placement by or at the direction of law enforcement in a lawful criminal investigation; there is no exclusion for private investigators.",
   "forLicensees": "A single non-consensual tracker placement on a person or their property can support a stalking charge, with no exception for licensed investigators.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Chapter 349",
     "url": "https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/113/pub/pc0349.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Virginia",
   "id": "hb-2150",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/virginia#hb-2150",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Trace evidence kits for strangulation victims",
   "type": "HB 2150 (2023 Acts ch. 312)",
   "summary": "Adds trace evidence collection kits for strangulation victims, including anonymous kits for victims who do not report to police, to the evidence recovery kit provisions in Va. Code 19.2-11.5 to 19.2-11.9 and 19.2-11.12.",
   "forPractitioners": "Strangulation kits follow the same storage and anonymous-kit rules as physical evidence recovery kits.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 2150",
     "url": "https://lis.virginia.gov/bill-details/20231/HB2150/text/CHAP0312"
    },
    {
     "label": "Va. Code 19.2-11.6",
     "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/19.2-11.6/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "dna-fee",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/washington#dna-fee",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "$100 DNA fee ends for new sentences",
   "type": "2023 c 449 s 4 (ESHB 1169)",
   "summary": "The act struck the rule that “every sentence” include a $100 DNA collection fee. RCW 43.43.7541 now covers only fees imposed before July 1, 2023, which the court “shall waive” on the offender’s motion. Section 3 also amended the DNA database account (RCW 43.43.7532).",
   "forPractitioners": "Move to waive any DNA fee imposed before July 1, 2023.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "2023 c 449",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2023-24/Htm/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/1169-S.SL.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "RCW 43.43.7541",
     "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=43.43.7541"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Wyoming",
   "id": "hb-128",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/wyoming#hb-128",
   "date": "2023-07-01",
   "title": "Voyeurism covers viewing within a private area",
   "type": "HB 128 (2023), ch. 101",
   "summary": "Extends misdemeanor voyeurism to secretive viewing within, not only into, an area where the person viewed has a reasonable expectation of privacy (W.S. 6-4-304).",
   "forLicensees": "Being lawfully inside a private space is not a defense to covert viewing.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 128",
     "url": "https://wyoleg.gov/2023/Enroll/HB0128.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Missouri",
   "id": "20-csr-2234-3-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/missouri#20-csr-2234-3-2023",
   "date": "2023-06-30",
   "title": "Agencies must report departing employees within 10 days",
   "type": "Final rule",
   "summary": "An agency must tell the board within ten days, on the board’s form, when an agency investigator employee leaves, including the last day of employment. A departing employee must return the license and pocket card to the agency within five days. As first adopted, a new license application was required whenever an agency employee moved to a different agency; the 2026 amendment above limits that to employees without an active license.",
   "forLicensees": "File the separation form within ten days of an employee’s last day, and collect the license and pocket card.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "20 CSR 2234-3",
     "url": "https://www.sos.mo.gov/cmsimages/adrules/csr/current/20csr/20c2234-3.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Proposed amendments, Missouri Register",
     "url": "https://www.sos.mo.gov/CMSImages/AdRules/moreg/2023/v48n2Jan17/v48n2b.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "iletsb-2023-rules",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/illinois#iletsb-2023-rules",
   "date": "2023-06-23",
   "title": "Certification activation rules adopted; old decertification complaint rules repealed",
   "type": "20 Ill. Adm. Code 1720, 1725, and 1770 (amended)",
   "summary": "The rules replace emergency rules that took effect December 15, 2022 and expired May 13, 2023. According to JCAR’s summary, a new full-time or part-time officer’s certification activates only after a background check, confirmed academy completion, and a passed certification exam, with 3 attempts allowed. Previously certified officers need a background check before reactivation. Out-of-state and federally certified officers must have prior training verified and pass the equivalency exam. Academy disqualifiers now include decertifiable misdemeanors. New 1720.90 gives transitional certification to officers employed on July 1, 2022 without certification. The passing score is 66%. A Special Part-Time Practical Waiver is added. The package also repealed Part 1720 Subpart B, “Decertification of Police Officers” (1720.100 to 1720.150 and the Appendix B complaint form), the complaint and revocation process used before the SAFE-T Act. The Illinois Register text could not be checked from official sources on October 19, 2026.",
   "forOfficers": "Your certification is not active until the background check, academy, and exam steps are complete.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Part 1720",
     "url": "https://ilga.gov/agencies/JCAR/EntirePart?titlepart=02001720"
    },
    {
     "label": "JCAR Flinn Report, July 7, 2023",
     "url": "https://ilga.gov/documents/commission/jcar/flinn/20230707_July%207,%202023%20-%20Issue%2027.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "sl-2023-56",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/north-carolina#sl-2023-56",
   "date": "2023-06-23",
   "title": "Some expunctions cannot count against certification; Sheriffs’ Commission gets express suspend and revoke powers",
   "type": "S.L. 2023-56 (HB 611)",
   "summary": "G.S. 17C-13(b) and 17E-12(b) still let a commission act on a felony conviction “whether or not that conviction was expunged,” unless it was expunged under G.S. 15A-145.4 or 15A-145.8A. Until the commissions amend their definition rules, “convicted” and “commission of offense” exclude those expunctions. No such amendment was found; under the act, its interim text applies until one takes effect. The Sheriffs’ Commission may now “certify, recertify, suspend, revoke, or deny” officers, schools, and instructors (17E-4(a)(3), (5), (7)), and its investigation power was extended (17E-4(a)(8)). Standards and discipline now reach probationary and limited instructors, qualified assistants, in-service training coordinators, and executive officers. New 17E-5(c) makes records in an officer’s personnel file kept by the Sheriffs’ Commission subject to the same privacy rules as personnel records under G.S. Chapters 126, 153A, and 160A.",
   "forOfficers": "A felony expunged under G.S. 15A-145.4 or 15A-145.8A cannot be used to deny or revoke your certification.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2023-56",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2023-2024/SL2023-56.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "abruquah",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/maryland#abruquah",
   "date": "2023-06-20",
   "title": "Firearms examiners may not give unqualified source opinions",
   "type": "Abruquah v. State, No. 10, Sept. Term 2022 (Supreme Court of Maryland)",
   "summary": "Applying Rochkind, the Court held that the examiner “should not have been permitted to offer an unqualified opinion that the crime scene bullets were fired from Mr. Abruquah’s gun.” The record showed that the method “can support reliable conclusions that patterns and markings on bullets are consistent or inconsistent with those on bullets fired from a particular firearm,” but not that it “can reliably support an unqualified conclusion that such bullets were fired from a particular firearm.” The error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, so the Court reversed the ruling on the motion in limine, vacated the judgment, and remanded for a new trial. The Court did not hold firearms comparison evidence inadmissible altogether.",
   "forPractitioners": "Object to any firearms testimony that a bullet or casing came from a particular gun without qualification.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Abruquah v. State",
     "url": "https://www.mdcourts.gov/data/opinions/coa/2023/10a22.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Tennessee",
   "id": "rules-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/tennessee#rules-2023",
   "date": "2023-06-20",
   "title": "Rules updated to name the commissioner",
   "type": "Final rule, filing 03-18-23 (1175-01 to 1175-04)",
   "summary": "Amends the private investigator rules, mainly replacing “Commission” with “Commissioner” after the commission was abolished in 2021. Continuing education hours and fees kept their substance.",
   "forLicensees": "The commissioner, not a commission, decides licensing, continuing education approval, complaints, and discipline.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rule filing 03-18-23",
     "url": "https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/rules_filings/03-18-23.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Vermont",
   "id": "act-77",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/vermont#act-77",
   "date": "2023-06-20",
   "title": "Investigator license fees raised",
   "type": "Act 77 (2023), H.305",
   "summary": "Raised fees in 3 V.S.A. 125(b): unarmed licensee application from $150 to $175 and renewal from $120 to $140; armed licensee application from $200 to $230 and renewal from $180 to $205; agency renewal from $300 to $345. The sole proprietor fee stayed $250.",
   "forLicensees": "These remain the current fees.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Act 77",
     "url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2024/Docs/ACTS/ACT077/ACT077%20As%20Enacted.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Illinois",
   "id": "pa-103-101",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/illinois#pa-103-101",
   "date": "2023-06-16",
   "title": "Facial recognition limited on police drones",
   "type": "P.A. 103-101 (HB 3902)",
   "summary": "New 725 ILCS 167/17 bars police from using facial recognition on a drone or running drone footage through facial recognition software. There are two exceptions: to counter a high risk of a terrorist attack that the U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security finds credible, or on reasonable suspicion that swift action is needed to prevent imminent harm to life, a suspect’s escape, or destruction of evidence. The act also bars weapons on police drones and allows drones at special events, with limits.",
   "forPractitioners": "A drone-based facial recognition match needs one of the two exceptions on the record.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "P.A. 103-101",
     "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/PublicActs/103/103-0101.htm"
    },
    {
     "label": "725 ILCS 167/17",
     "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/ftp/ILCS/Ch%200725/Act%200167/072501670K17.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New Mexico",
   "id": "hb-201",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-mexico#hb-201",
   "date": "2023-06-16",
   "title": "Act set to be repealed July 1, 2030",
   "type": "HB 201 (2023), Laws 2023, ch. 15",
   "summary": "Terminates the Private Investigations Advisory Board on July 1, 2029 under the Sunset Act and repeals the Private Investigations Act on July 1, 2030 (NMSA 61-27B-36).",
   "forLicensees": "The Legislature must extend the Act before July 1, 2030.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "HB 201",
     "url": "https://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/23%20Regular/final/HB0201.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "sl-2023-46",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-carolina#sl-2023-46",
   "date": "2023-06-16",
   "title": "Technical corrections to the discipline section",
   "type": "Session Law 2023-46 (House Bill 103), section 9",
   "summary": "A technical corrections bill rewrote G.S. 74C-12 in drafting style. It also tied the deadline to report losing a qualifying agent, and to replace one, to the time set in G.S. 74C-8(c) instead of a fixed 30 days.",
   "forLicensees": "The qualifying agent deadlines now follow 74C-8(c).",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "S.L. 2023-46",
     "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/SessionLaws/HTML/2023-2024/SL2023-46.html"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "arteaga-frt",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/new-jersey#arteaga-frt",
   "date": "2023-06-07",
   "title": "Defense gets discovery on facial recognition used to identify the defendant",
   "type": "State v. Arteaga, No. A-3078-21 (App. Div.)",
   "summary": "On leave to appeal, the court reversed a Hudson County order denying discovery about the facial recognition technology used to produce a photo that identified the defendant. It remanded for an order “directing the State to provide the eleven remaining items of discovery requested by the defense.” The motion judge may enter protective orders, review materials in camera, and “hold a Daubert hearing if necessary.” It is a published Appellate Division ruling on facial recognition discovery. It does not bar the technology.",
   "forPractitioners": "When facial recognition led to an identification, request discovery on how the technology was used, citing Arteaga.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "State v. Arteaga",
     "url": "https://www.njcourts.gov/system/files/court-opinions/2023/a3078-21.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "West Virginia",
   "id": "hb-3479",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/west-virginia#hb-3479",
   "date": "2023-06-07",
   "title": "Drone offense for critical infrastructure",
   "type": "HB 3479 (2023)",
   "summary": "Creates an offense of operating an unmanned aerial vehicle over critical infrastructure to conduct surveillance or gather information with intent to harm, or to obtain trade secrets (W. Va. Code 61-16-2(b)). The same act added exceptions that apply to the whole section, including the existing ban (61-16-2(a)) on using a drone to capture images of a person or private property in a way that invades a reasonable expectation of privacy: a person may survey their own or leased property, third persons retained by the owner of immovable property may survey that property, and news organizations flying above 400 feet are exempt (61-16-2(c), (e)).",
   "forLicensees": "Drone surveillance that invades a reasonable expectation of privacy was already a misdemeanor.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "W. Va. Code 61-16-2",
     "url": "https://code.wvlegislature.gov/61-16-2/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "sr47-1120",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/minnesota#sr47-1120",
   "date": "2023-05-30",
   "title": "POST rule rewrite: National Decertification Index check, Brady-Giglio background inquiry, conduct standards, and required policies",
   "type": "Minn. R. 6700.0100, 6700.0670, 6700.0675, 6700.0700, 6700.1600, 6700.1610, 6700.1615, and others; notice of adoption at 47 SR 1120 (proposed at 46 SR 1489)",
   "summary": "Background investigation (new 6700.0670): the applicant “must” give a personal history, list every agency applied to in the past six years, consent to a social media review, and, if currently or previously licensed, authorize release of prior personnel and discipline records and disclose findings of abuse of authority, bias, dishonesty, excessive force, mishandled evidence, or conduct that led to a Brady-Giglio disclosure. The agency “must” ask prosecutors and prior agencies about the same conduct. The chief “must” notify the Board within 10 days when an investigation starts or finds a disqualification. For seasonal or temporary hires, the rule allows a check limited to criminal history and driving record.",
   "forOfficers": "If you are on the National Decertification Index, a Minnesota agency cannot hire you unless an exemption applies.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "State Register 47:47",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/state_register/47/47/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. R. ch. 6700",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/6700/full"
    },
    {
     "label": "Prior 6700.0700",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/pdf/6700.0700/2014-01-18%2006:55:19+00:00"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Texas",
   "id": "sb-604",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/texas#sb-604",
   "date": "2023-05-24",
   "title": "Landman exemption widened",
   "type": "Senate Bill 604, 88th Legislature, Chapter 197",
   "summary": "The Act already exempted a landman acting within the landman’s business (1702.324(b)(8)). SB 604 widened the definition of landman in 1702.324(a) to include anyone who otherwise performs land services as defined in Occupations Code 954.001.",
   "forLicensees": "Land services work done by someone within the wider landman definition does not need a Texas investigations license.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 604",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=88R&Bill=SB604"
    },
    {
     "label": "Enrolled text",
     "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/SB00604F.htm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "c52-2023-deadly-force",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/minnesota#c52-2023-deadly-force",
   "date": "2023-05-20",
   "title": "Deadly-force threat no longer must be articulated “by the law enforcement officer”",
   "type": "Laws 2023, ch. 52, art. 10, sec. 8, amending Minn. Stat. 609.066, subd. 2",
   "summary": "The threat that justifies deadly force must still “be articulated with specificity,” but the words “by the law enforcement officer” were struck. The rest of the 2020 standard is unchanged.",
   "forOfficers": "The threat must still be articulated with specificity; the rest of the deadly-force standard is unchanged.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws 2023, ch. 52",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/Session+Law/Chapter/52/"
    },
    {
     "label": "Minn. Stat. 609.066",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.066"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "ch-52-2023-fbi",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/minnesota#ch-52-2023-fbi",
   "date": "2023-05-19",
   "title": "FBI fingerprint checks for license applicants",
   "type": "2023 Minn. Laws ch. 52, art. 5, sec. 45",
   "summary": "Amends Minn. Stat. 326.3381, subd. 3. Applicants must submit fingerprints and consent to a criminal history check by the Bureau of Criminal Apprehension and the FBI. The board decides whether the results show a disqualifying offense. A separate section of the same law (art. 20, sec. 15) added carjacking to the list of disqualifying offenses.",
   "forLicensees": "New applicants should plan for a national fingerprint check.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Session law",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/52/"
    },
    {
     "label": "House Research summary",
     "url": "https://www.house.mn.gov/hrd/as/93/as052.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "id": "ch-52-2023-board",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/minnesota#ch-52-2023-board",
   "date": "2023-05-19",
   "title": "Board enforcement powers; training certificates belong to employees",
   "type": "2023 Minn. Laws ch. 52, art. 10, secs. 4 to 7",
   "summary": "The board may investigate and refer for prosecution criminal violations and unlicensed activity. Prior unlicensed operation became grounds to deny, suspend, or revoke a license. Employee identification cards must be presented on request. Preassignment training completed with another Minnesota licensee within the past three calendar years now counts, and an employer must give a current or former employee a free copy of the training certificate on request.",
   "forLicensees": "Accept valid preassignment training certificates from other Minnesota licensees, and provide certificate copies to employees at no charge.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Session law",
     "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2023/0/52/"
    },
    {
     "label": "House Research summary",
     "url": "https://www.house.mn.gov/hrd/as/93/as052.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "reg-sb2-framework",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#reg-sb2-framework",
   "date": "2023-05-05",
   "title": "Decertification procedure rules adopted",
   "type": "Commission Regulations 1203, 1204, 1206 to 1212, and 1214",
   "summary": "Adopts the rules for certification actions under SB 2 (2021): disqualification, notices, hearings, temporary suspension, and voluntary surrender. Regulation 1211 governs how the Peace Officer Standards Accountability Advisory Board runs hearings, and Regulation 1214 sets POST’s annual reporting.",
   "forOfficers": "These rules set the notice and hearing steps in any decertification case.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "POST Regulatory Actions",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Regulatory-Actions"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bulletin 2022-13",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/bulletin/2022-13.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "Regulations 1211 and 1214",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/regulationnotices/2022/2022-14_Notice_of_Approval_Regs1211&1214.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Washington",
   "id": "esb-5352",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/washington#esb-5352",
   "date": "2023-05-03",
   "title": "Vehicle pursuit limits loosened",
   "type": "ESB 5352, Laws of 2023, ch. 235",
   "summary": "Officers may pursue on “reasonable suspicion,” instead of probable cause, for listed offenses: violent and sex offenses, vehicular assault, domestic violence assault, escape, and DUI. “Imminent threat” became “serious risk of harm.” Supervisor authorization became supervisor notification and oversight.",
   "forOfficers": "Superseded in part by Initiative 2113 in 2024; see above.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Laws of 2023, ch. 235",
     "url": "https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2023-24/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/Senate/5352.SL.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "West Virginia",
   "id": "sb-132",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/west-virginia#sb-132",
   "date": "2023-05-02",
   "title": "Stalking and harassment labeled as separate offenses",
   "type": "SB 132 (2023)",
   "summary": "Labels the existing offenses in W. Va. Code 61-2-9a(a) and (b) as stalking and harassment, retitles the section, and extends the felony for conduct intended to cause self-injury or suicide to stalking. The existing definition of course of conduct, which covers following, monitoring, observing, or surveilling a person by any device or means, is unchanged.",
   "forLicensees": "The stalking law has no investigator exemption; bills to create a separate tracking device crime died in 2023 and 2024.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "W. Va. Code 61-2-9a",
     "url": "https://code.wvlegislature.gov/61-2-9a/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "id": "cpp-dfe-rules-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/north-carolina#cpp-dfe-rules-2023",
   "date": "2023-04-28",
   "title": "Rules for close personal protection and digital forensics licenses",
   "type": "Temporary, then permanent rules, 14B NCAC 16 .1500 to .1700",
   "summary": "Carries out S.L. 2022-66, which created close personal protection and digital forensics examiner licenses effective October 1, 2022. The rules set experience and training for each, separate close personal protection from investigations, and create a trainee track for digital forensics associates modeled on the PI associate rules.",
   "forLicensees": "Digital forensic examination and close personal protection have their own licenses, separate from the PI license.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "NC Register 37:18",
     "url": "https://files.nc.gov/oah/documents/2023-03/Volume-37-Issue-18-March-15-2023.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "hb-509",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/ohio#hb-509",
   "date": "2023-04-06",
   "title": "Photograph and physical description dropped from applications",
   "type": "House Bill 509, 134th General Assembly",
   "summary": "Amended ORC 4749.03 to remove the requirement that license applications include a physical description and a recent full-face photograph of the applicant or of each qualifying officer or agent.",
   "forLicensees": "Applications are slightly simpler. Other application contents and the fingerprint check are unchanged.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "ORC 4749.03",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-4749.03"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 509",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/134/hb509"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "sb-288-kits",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/ohio#sb-288-kits",
   "date": "2023-04-04",
   "title": "Kit testing and retention duties extended to human trafficking cases",
   "type": "SB 288 (134th General Assembly), amending R.C. 2933.82",
   "summary": "R.C. 2933.82 now covers sexual assault kits secured in trafficking-in-persons cases under R.C. 2905.32. Agencies must keep the kits for the statutory periods, 30 years if the case is unsolved. They had to review trafficking case records and send untested kits to BCI or another crime lab within one year of April 4, 2023, and must send kits within 30 days in new trafficking investigations. Defendants get the inventory rights in (B)(5), and the destruction limits after a guilty or no-contest plea in (B)(8) apply. The 2016 version of the section did not mention 2905.32.",
   "forPractitioners": "In a trafficking case, ask whether the kit was sent to a lab within the deadline and request the inventory.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "R.C. 2933.82 (April 4, 2023)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2933.82/4-4-2023"
    },
    {
     "label": "Bill status",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/134/sb288/status"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Ohio",
   "id": "hb-23",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/ohio#hb-23",
   "date": "2023-04-03",
   "title": "Dementia training required by statute",
   "type": "HB 23 (134th GA), new R.C. 109.7410",
   "summary": "The Attorney General “shall adopt” rules for training on identifying and interacting with people with dementia. The training is up to 2 hours in basic training, and up to 1 hour can count toward continuing training. Topics include alternatives to physical restraint and abuse reporting. The rule took effect September 14, 2026 (see above).",
   "forOfficers": "Dementia training can count toward your annual continuing training hours.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "R.C. 109.7410",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-109.7410"
    },
    {
     "label": "HB 23 status",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/134/hb23/status"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Tennessee",
   "id": "pc-72",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/tennessee#pc-72",
   "date": "2023-03-31",
   "title": "Department continued to June 30, 2027",
   "type": "2023 Public Chapter 72 (SB 38)",
   "summary": "Moves the Department of Commerce and Insurance, which runs the private investigator program, to the list of entities that terminate June 30, 2027 unless continued (Tenn. Code Ann. 4-29-248).",
   "forLicensees": "Watch the 2027 session for the department’s continuation.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Public Chapter 72",
     "url": "https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/113/pub/pc0072.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "comar-12-04-11-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/maryland#comar-12-04-11-2023",
   "date": "2023-03-20",
   "title": "Police complaint mediation program rules",
   "type": "COMAR 12.04.11, adopted at 50:5 Md. R. 182 (implements Public Safety 3-207(d))",
   "summary": "The rules set up the Commission’s program under which agencies may refer eligible nonviolent public complaints to voluntary mediation outside the standard complaint process. Referral is optional for agencies. Under COMAR 12.04.09.06A, mediated complaints are still tracked with other citizen complaints and reported to the police accountability board.",
   "forOfficers": "A minor complaint against you may be offered mediation instead of the standard process.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "COMAR 12.04.11",
     "url": "https://regs.maryland.gov/us/md/exec/comar/12.04.11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "Wyoming",
   "id": "sf-32",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/wyoming#sf-32",
   "date": "2023-02-28",
   "title": "Drone surveillance over prisons made a crime",
   "type": "SF 32 (2023), ch. 131",
   "summary": "Bars using a drone over a penal institution or correctional facility or its grounds to photograph, surveil, or record it without authorization (W.S. 6-5-214), a misdemeanor punishable by up to 1 year.",
   "forLicensees": "Plan drone routes away from correctional facilities.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SF 32",
     "url": "https://wyoleg.gov/2023/Enroll/SF0032.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Licensing Ledger",
   "state": "New York",
   "id": "penal-250-images",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/licensing-tracker/new-york#penal-250-images",
   "date": "2023-02-26",
   "title": "New image-dissemination offense widens the licensing bar",
   "type": "Chapter 805 of the Laws of 2022; amended by Chapter 30 of the Laws of 2023",
   "summary": "Chapter 805 added Penal Law 250.70 and 250.71, unlawful dissemination of a personal image, and Chapter 30 of 2023 amended them and repealed 250.72. GBL 74(2)(h) and 81(1) bar a license, and employment by a licensee, after a conviction under any section of Penal Law article 250, so the bar now reaches this offense.",
   "forLicensees": "A conviction under the new sections bars licensing and employment by a licensee, as other article 250 offenses do.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Penal Law 250.70",
     "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PEN/250.70"
    },
    {
     "label": "GBL 74",
     "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GBS/74"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "id": "olenowski-i",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/new-jersey#olenowski-i",
   "date": "2023-02-17",
   "title": "Daubert-type test replaces Frye in criminal cases",
   "type": "State v. Olenowski, 253 N.J. 133 (2023) (Olenowski I)",
   "summary": "The Court adopted, going forward, a non-exclusive, multi-factor reliability test for criminal and quasi-criminal cases, patterned on Daubert and on the civil test in Accutane. The factors include testability, peer review, error rate and standards, and general acceptance. It declined to adopt the full body of Daubert case law. Matters ruled on before this date stay under Frye. The date and holding come from the court’s later opinions in Olenowski II and Nieves.",
   "forPractitioners": "Error rates and standards for a forensic method now matter in criminal cases, not only general acceptance.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "State v. Olenowski",
     "url": "https://www.njcourts.gov/system/files/court-opinions/2023/a_56_18.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "State v. Nieves",
     "url": "https://www.njcourts.gov/system/files/court-opinions/2025/a_26_27_23.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Colorado",
   "id": "rule-2023-jan",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/colorado#rule-2023-jan",
   "date": "2023-01-30",
   "title": "P.O.S.T. rule amendments after legislative review",
   "type": "4 CCR 901-1, tracking no. 2022-00686",
   "summary": "The rulemaking summary says it clarifies definitions and deadlines, lets the Director’s designee act for the Director, and fixes internal references, in response to issues raised by the Office of Legislative Legal Services. Rule 28 (in-service training) was among the rules amended; whether its 24-hour minimum was new then was not checked.",
   "forOfficers": "No new duty for officers was identified.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Rulemaking 2022-00686",
     "url": "https://www.coloradosos.gov/CCR/eDocketDetails.do?trackingNum=2022-00686"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "reg-1213",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/california#reg-1213",
   "date": "2023-01-17",
   "title": "Penalty factors and a 3-year cap on suspensions",
   "type": "Commission Regulation 1213",
   "summary": "Lists 15 factors POST must consider in choosing between revocation and suspension, including the severity of the conduct, harm caused, whether it was done under color of authority, prior record, intent, consistency with other penalties, and the likelihood of recurrence. A suspension may not exceed three years, and a suspended officer may not be assigned duties that include peace officer powers.",
   "forOfficers": "Mitigation, cooperation, and rehabilitation are listed factors; document them for any hearing.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "Regulation 1213 text",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Portals/0/post_docs/regulationnotices/2022/2022-25_ModifiedTPRA_Reg1213_November.pdf"
    },
    {
     "label": "POST Regulatory Actions",
     "url": "https://post.ca.gov/Regulatory-Actions"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Maryland",
   "id": "comar-12-04-09-10-2023",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/maryland#comar-12-04-09-10-2023",
   "date": "2023-01-09",
   "title": "Rules for accountability boards and charging committees, and the Uniform State Disciplinary Matrix, made permanent",
   "type": "COMAR 12.04.09.01–.07 and 12.04.10.01–.05, adopted at 49:27 Md. R. 1111",
   "summary": "The permanent rules are substantively the same as the emergency rules that expired December 27, 2022. 12.04.10: every agency “shall” adopt the Uniform State Disciplinary Matrix under Public Safety 3-105, and discipline for sustained violations is imposed under it. The matrix sets violation levels, a penalty range from counseling and reprimand through loss of leave, suspension, demotion, and termination, and aggravating and mitigating factors. Discipline may not be based on race, sex, gender identity, other listed traits, or the case’s public profile. 12.04.09: an ACC decides by majority vote, recommends discipline within the matrix, and may not charge an officer twice for the same conduct. An agency head may impose the ACC’s discipline or more within the range, but not less. The officer may accept or go to a trial board.",
   "forOfficers": "Discipline for a sustained violation must fall within the statewide matrix range.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "COMAR 12.04.10",
     "url": "https://regs.maryland.gov/us/md/exec/comar/12.04.10"
    },
    {
     "label": "COMAR 12.04.09",
     "url": "https://regs.maryland.gov/us/md/exec/comar/12.04.09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Forensic Ledger",
   "state": "California",
   "id": "sb-467",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/forensic-science-tracker/california#sb-467",
   "date": "2023-01-01",
   "title": "Habeas ground for a significant dispute over expert testimony",
   "type": "SB 467 (Stats. 2022, ch. 982)",
   "summary": "Adds a habeas ground where a significant dispute has emerged or developed in the petitioner’s favor about expert medical, scientific, or forensic testimony. It also adds expert opinion undermined by “the state of scientific knowledge” to the definition of false evidence. Opinions repudiated by the expert or undermined by later research were already false evidence under earlier law.",
   "forPractitioners": "The petitioner need not prove the original testimony was false, only that the dispute meets the statute.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "SB 467",
     "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB467"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "tracker": "Officer Ledger",
   "state": "Pennsylvania",
   "id": "act-57-59-temporary-rules",
   "url": "https://uscli.org/officer-certification-tracker/pennsylvania#act-57-59-temporary-rules",
   "date": "2023",
   "title": "Act 57 and Act 59 temporary rules reached their stated end date",
   "type": "37 Pa. Code Chapters 241 and 261 (temporary rules); not counted as an in-force change",
   "summary": "MPOETC’s temporary rules on background investigations under Act 57 (Chapter 241, 51 Pa.B. 1136) and on mental-health evaluations under Act 59 (Chapter 261, 51 Pa.B. 1512) took effect July 14, 2021. Each chapter’s source note says the rules “expire in 2 years,” so on their face they lapsed in 2023. The Pennsylvania Code, current through August 8, 2026, still prints both chapters, and no permanent replacement was found. Whether these rules are in force could not be checked from official sources on October 19, 2026. The statutes they carry out, 44 Pa.C.S. Chapters 72 and 73, remain in force.",
   "forOfficers": "Ask your agency or MPOETC which background and mental-health evaluation rules it applies today.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "label": "37 Pa. Code Ch. 241",
     "url": "https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pacode?file=/secure/pacode/data/037/chapter241/chap241toc.html"
    },
    {
     "label": "37 Pa. Code Ch. 261",
     "url": "https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pacode?file=/secure/pacode/data/037/chapter261/chap261toc.html"
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}